200 WOODS OF COMMERCE. 



as the above-mentioned species, and for house and boat-building, 

 and exported in large quantities to Liverpool and London for 

 coach-building, wheels, piles, boat-building, etc., fetching 5 10s. 

 per load. 



Elm, Cork, Common or English (U. campdstris Sm.). 

 Germ. " Korkulme, Rote Riister." Height 8090 ft. ; diam. 

 23 ft. S.G. 542909. W 3456-7. E 445 tons per 

 sq. in. e' '56. p 14,40013,489. p' -49. / 3-5. ft 6'25. 

 c 5,460. c' '721. fc 4-6. v' '757. fs '62. Sapwood narrow, 

 yellowish- white, as durable as the heart ; heart dark-brown or 

 brownish-red, heavy, hard, firm, elastic, very tough, very difficult 

 to split, extremely durable if kept either dry or wet. The Rialto 

 at Venice is said to be built on 12,000 elm piles. The wavy 

 lines of pores in the summer-wood consist of single rows of pores 

 and are interrupted : pith-rays hardly distinguishable : grain 

 twisted. Though free from shakes, Elm timber is very liable to 

 druxy knot, and, though not splitting, is liable to warp. On the 

 Continent Elm is valued for gun-carriages and gun-stocks. In 

 England it was used formerly for water-pipes and is now 

 employed for coffins, butcher's-blocks, pulley-blocks, naves of 

 wheels, pumps, ships' keels, coach-building, turnery, etc., though 

 for most purposes inferior to Oak. (Fig. 51.) 



Elm, Dutch or Sand, a large-leafed form, allied to the last- 

 mentioned, grown only for ornament, its wood being subject to 

 star-shake. 



Elm, Indian (U. integrifdlia Roxb.). Hind. " Papri." Telugu 

 11 Nalli." Burm. " Thalai." India, Ceylon, Burma. A large tree. 

 Wood light yellowish-grey to red, moderately hard and strong. 

 Used for door frames, cart-building, and carving. 



Elm, Moose, Red or Slippery (U. fulva Michx.). French 

 "Orme gras." Southern Canada and North-eastern United 

 States. Height 6070 ft. ; diam. 2 ft. S.G. 695. W 43-35. R 

 869 kilos. Brownish-red, heavy, hard, strong, compact, tough, 

 more durable than other Elms ; pores in spring wood forming a 

 broad band of several rows, those in the summer wood in broken, 

 slightly waved, narrow lines. It is more easily split than other 



