214 WOODS OF COMMERCE. 



sticks, and the best substitute for Box for engraving yet dis- 

 covered ; but slow-growing and seldom procurable of any size. 



Hazel (Corylus Avelldna L. : Order Cupuliferce}, Europe, 

 North Africa, Temperate Asia. Height rarely 30 ft.; diam. 

 generally less than 1 ft. Reddish-white, resembling Beech, 

 without heart, soft, highly elastic, easily split, not durable ; 

 annual rings almost circular ; pith-rays wide and narrow ; vessels 

 small, in radial lines. Used for barrel-hoops and walking-sticks. 



Hemlock Spruce (Tsuga canadensis Carr. : Order Coniferce). 

 Eastern North America. " Hemlock," " Hemlock Fir." French 

 "Peruche," Germ. " Schierling Tanne." Height 80100 ft.; 

 diam. 3 ft. S.G. 244. W 26'4. R 736 kilos. Light reddish-grey 

 or brown, with lighter sapwood; free from resin-ducts, light, soft, 

 stiff, but brittle, usually coarse-grained, splintery, not very easily 

 worked, shrinking and warping considerably in seasoning, retain- 

 ing nails firmly, but wearing rough and not very durable. Used 

 for sleepers, laths, rafters, planks, fencing, etc. Its bark is 

 valuable for tanning. 



Hemlock, Western (Tsuga Mertensidna Carr.). Western 

 North America. " Prince Albert's Fir." Height 180 ft. or more; 

 diam. 9 ft. or more. Heavier and harder than the eastern form, 

 but not strong. Used for rough lumber ; but chiefly valued for 

 its bark. 



Hiba (Thujdpsis dolabrdta Sieb. and Zucc. : Order Cupressinece). 

 Japan. Japanese " Hiba, Asu-Naro, Thuia." French " Thuia de 

 Japon." Germ. " Hiba-Lebensbaum, Beilblatriger Lebensbaum." 

 Height 7 40 ft.; diam. small. Yellowish-white, durable. Used 

 in house, bridge, and boat-building. 



Hickory, originally the name of the North American genus 

 Hicoria (Order Juglanddcece), closely allied to the Walnuts. " So 

 close an analogy exists in the wood of these trees that, when 

 stripped of their bark, no difference is discernible in the grain, 

 which is coarse and open in all, nor in the colour of the heart- 

 wood, which is uniformly reddish " (Michaux). In all, the sap- 

 wood is broad and white, the heart a reddish nut-brown, very 

 heavy, hard, strong, proverbially tough, elastic, coarse, smooth 



