OAKS. 261 



more ; diam. 3 ft. or more. Sapwood light brownish ; heart 

 sharply defined, dark brown ; rings rather narrow ; pores 

 small, in about three rows ; very heavy, hard, very durable in 

 contact with soil. Used chiefly for railroad-ties, fencing and 

 fuel ; but occasionally for cooperage and carriage-building. 



Oak, Punk. See Oak, Water. 



Oak, Quebec. See Oak, White. 



Oak, Quercitron. See Oak, Yellow. 



Oak, Red (Q. riibra L.). Canada and North-eastern States. 

 Known in commerce as " Canadian Red " and as " Black Oak." 

 French " Chene rouge." Germ. " Rotheiche." Height 80 100 

 ft. or more; diam. 46 or 7 ft. S.G. 654. VV 40-76. R 990 

 kilos. Sapwood almost white ; heart light brown or reddish ; 

 rings wide; pores numerous, in a wide zone; pith-rays indis- 

 tinct; heavy, hard, strong, but inferior to White Oak, coarse- 

 grained and so porous as to be unfit for staves for liquor casks, 

 shrinking moderately without splitting, easy to work. Used 

 for flour and sugar barrels, clapboards, chairs and interior finish, 

 and imported from Canada to London and still more to Liver- 

 pool for furniture-making. It is valued for its bark. [See also 

 Oak, Spanish.] 



Oak, Rock. See Oak, Chestnut. 



Oak, Scarlet (Q. coccima Wang.). Eastern United States. 

 Height 100 ft. or more; diam. 34 ft. S.G. 740. W 46. 

 R 1054 kilos. Sapwood whitish; heart ill-defined, pinkish- 

 brown, heavy, hard, strong; rings narrow, wavy; pores in 

 3 4 rows making a rather broad zone; pith-rays prominent. 

 Used in cooperage, chair making and interior finish, being treated 

 in trade as Red Oak and of small value. 



Oak, Spanish (Q. falcdta Michx.). Eastern and Southern 

 States. Known also as " Red Oak." Height 70 ft. or more ; 

 diam. 4 ft. or more. Heavy, very hard and strong, but not 

 durable. Valued for its bark; but used in building and cooperage, 

 and as fuel. 



Oak, Swamp Spanish. See Oak Pin. 



Oak, Tan-bark (Q. densifldm Hook and Am.). Pacific 



