318 WOODS OF COMMERCE. 



tougher, stronger, more elastic and more durable than White 

 Pine, only slightly resinous and, therefore, not good as fuel. 

 Trees with wide rings are known to lumbermen as " White 

 Spruce." Used as "lumber," especially for flooring; for spars 

 and other purposes in shipbuilding ; for piles, paddles and oars ; 

 when "quarter-sawn," i.e. cut radially, in the manufacture of 

 sounding-boards for pianos, violins, etc. ; and very largely for 

 paper-pulp. The "Canadian deals" largely imported to the 

 West Indies and England are used, among other purposes, in 

 Manchester and Birmingham for packing-cases. The tree yields 

 a chewing-gum and its shoots are brewed into Spruce beer. 



Spruce, Blue (P. pungens Engelm.). Rocky Mountains at 

 altitudes of 60009000 ft. Known also as "Colorado" or 

 "Rocky Mountain Spruce." Height 80100 ft.; diam. 13 

 ft. Coarse, strong, useful lumber. 



Spruce, Californian Coast. See Spruce, Sitka. 



Spruce, Canadian. See Spruce, Black. 



Spruce, Colorado. See Spruce, Blue. 



Spruce, Common (P. excdlsa Link). From the Urals and 

 Lapland to the Pyrenees and Alps. Known also as "Spruce 

 Fir, Norway Spruce," or " White Fir," and its wood as " White 

 deal." French "Faux sapin, sapin-pesse, sapin gentil, serente, 

 pinesse." Germ. "Fichte, Rothtanne, Pechtanne." Height 

 125150 ft.; diam. 35 ft. W 64-7 when green, 2832 

 when dry. E 715 tons. / 3-77. ft 5-5. fc 2-86. fs -27. 

 Stress requisite to indent it ^ in. transversely to the fibres, 500 

 Ibs. per sq. in. Straight-growing, white, reddish or yellowish, 

 light, straight and even in grain, tough, elastic, easy to work 

 except for the small hard knots, warping and shrinking slightly 

 in seasoning, durable. Mostly imported from Norway with the 

 bark on, in logs 30 60 ft. long, and 6 8 in. in diam., that 

 from St. Petersburg being the best, that from the White Sea 

 excellent and that from Riga, Memel and Dantzig large but 

 coarser. These poles are used for scaffolding, telegraph-posts, 

 ladders, roofs, fences, spars and oars. The largest wood is con- 

 verted into deals and planking, chiefly for central and southern 



