-I6o Hillside. 



directions to and from the nest. That one has just detected 

 its dead comrade ; notice how rapidly it runs from side to 

 side, and round and round the dead body, investigating it. 

 Now another and still another come up. These go back to 

 the nest, and before long they return with some of their 

 comrades, and carry away the dead body. 



We have been speaking of the " intelligence " of the ant. 

 Intelligence has been defined as a " conservative principle 

 which will always direct effort and use into lines which 

 will be beneficial to its possessor." So far as the lower 

 animals are concerned, the definition is peculiarly happy, 

 as it does not imply the possession of that power of exact 

 reasoning which we associate with our idea of human intelli- 

 gence. Our own processes of reasoning are largely I had 

 almost said solely intellectual operations of the mind, but in 

 the lower animals such reasoning power as they may possess 

 is essentially the direct result of an elementary recognition 

 of advantage to the individual exercising it. Such reason 

 as this is essential to intelligence ; in fact, neither can exist 

 without the other ; and it is in this respect that intelligence 

 differs from instinct. 



The connection between intelligence and instinct is so 

 direct and close, that we may consider the former as a direct 

 result of, and development from the latter. Some of the 

 simplest forms of intelligence in the lower animals are but 

 little removed from, and cannot be properly differentiated from, 

 the highest forms of instinct. Yet, whilst the latter results 

 in actions which are automatic and spontaneous, the former 

 presupposes a mental operation of some sort, however simple 

 it may be. Even now we are not altogether on safe ground, 

 for unless we admit that instinct involves some mental 



