460 



APPENDIX I 



FIG. 6. 

 The Black-fly. 



No wonder that these entomological pests are a perfect barrier 

 to inland travel, and that few people live during the summer away 

 from the sweep of the high winds and dwell on the exposed shores 

 of the coast to escape these torments." The 

 larva of the black-fly (Fig. 7) lives in the swiftly 

 flowing streams, while those of the mosquito 

 are found in stagnant water, and as " one-third 

 of the area is given up to ponds and streams," 

 conditions are very favourable for their increase. 

 There are many other species of flies, fully 

 as interesting as the biters. The little Doli- 

 chopodidae and Empididse are each represented 

 by four or five species; the bright-coloured 

 Syrphidae, by about twelve species, including 

 such forms as Syrphus contumax, S. diver sipes, 

 Melanosto mamellinum, Eristalis bastardi, and 

 Helophilus glacialis; the Tachinidae, or para- 

 sitic flies, by the large Echinomyia florum ; the 

 Muscidae, or house-flies, by the "blow-fly" (Calliphora vomitorid), 

 the blue flesh-fly (Cynomyia cadaverind), the common green carrion- 

 fly (Lucilia ccesar), and the dark blue (Phormia terrce 

 novce) . Hosts of Anthomyidae are yet to be determined, 

 while the Scatophagidse are represented by the widely 

 distributed Scatophaga stercoria, furcata, and islandica. 

 The order Hymenoptera includes the bees, wasps, ants, 

 saw-flies, etc. Notwithstanding their diversity of habit, 

 it is one of the orders which diminishes greatly in num- 

 bers as we approach the more Arctic regions. Only 

 twenty-six species have been recorded from Labrador. 

 Further research will, however, increase this number, 

 especially in the Ichneumonidae, or parasitic species. 



The large percentage of Phyllophaga, or leaf-eaters, 

 is very marked, eleven of the above numbers represent- 

 ing this group. They belong to the family Tenthri- 

 dinidae, popularly known as saw-flies, a term derived 

 from a peculiar structure on the under side of the last 

 abdominal segment of the female, consisting of a pair 

 of chitinous, sawlike pieces with which she cuts little the Black> 

 pockets in the leaves in which to deposit her eggs. fly- 



Many of the saw-flies are injurious to the spruce, larch, willow, 

 birch, and other trees and plants, often completely defoliating 

 them. The larvae resemble some of those of the butterflies and 

 moths, but can be quite readily distinguished by having from 

 twelve to sixteen prolegs, or abdominal feet, while the true cater- 

 pillars have as a rule only ten. Various species of the genus Ne- 



