42 HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN FAUNA 



influenced our fauna far more than the Siberian. The 

 latter did not last long, nor did they affect the whole 

 of Europe. But what I may call the Oriental migra- 

 tions spread to every corner of Europe and certainly 

 lasted throughout the whole of the Tertiary Era. The 

 Oriental element came probably from Central and 



FIG. 3. Central Asiatic Sandgrouse (Syrrhaftes faradoxus}. 



Southern Asia, and in its march to Northern Europe 

 it was joined by local European migrations. For on 

 our continent, too, animals originated and spread in 

 all directions from their centres of dispersal. A 

 separate chapter has been given to the Alpine fauna, 

 and another to that of South-western Europe, which 

 will be known by the name of the Litsitanian element. 



