PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS. 73 



time the northern would sway southwards, and thus 

 occupy at different times of the year the same 

 tract of ground, as is now the case with the elks 

 and reindeer." " In some of the caverns," he 

 continues (p. 114), "such as that of Kirkdale, the 

 hyaena preyed upon the reindeer at one time of the 

 year, and the hippopotamus at another." 



A similar mingling of northern and southern 

 faunas has also been observed in France. Mr. 

 Falsan tells us (p. 236), that the remains of the 

 mammals gathered and determined by Lartet and 

 Gaudry belong partly to species which have been 

 wrongly regarded as indications of a severe climate, 

 and partly to such as are accustomed to a relatively 

 mild temperature. In several localities in France, 

 viz., at Levallois, St. Acheul, and Arcy, the remains of 

 the Hippopotamus have occurred together with those 

 of the Reindeer; whilst, according to Sir H. Howorth, 

 the Lion has been found together with northern Voles 

 at Bicetre, near Paris. It is stated by the same 

 authority (p. 115) that much the same conditions 

 exist in Germany. "The lion and the spotted hyaena, 

 the mammoth and rhinoceros, were found with the 

 marmot, the suslik, the lemming, the pica, and the 

 reindeer." At another locality near Thiede, remains 

 of the Mammoth, woolly Rhinoceros, Horse, Ox, 

 Reindeer, Arctic Fox, Lemming, and Pica are met 

 with in the same deposit. In quoting the presence 

 of these northern animals in Europe as evidence of an 

 arctic climate, we commit a fatal mistake. Indeed, 



