THE ARCTIC FAUNA. 155 



must be looked upon as the remains of a sunken 

 land (Fig. 12). 



From Arctic America, thinks Professor Schulz 

 (p. i), we probably have had an uninterrupted 

 migration during the greater part of later Tertiary 

 times up to the commencement of the Pliocene epoch 

 partly over a direct land-connection between Green- 

 land, Iceland, and the Faroes, and also between Arctic 

 America, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, etc. There 

 was also a connection between Asia and Alaska. 



The distribution of the Barren-ground Reindeer in 

 Europe seems to warrant the belief that, at the time 

 it began its southward wanderings from the Polar 

 area, Northern Norway must have been connected 

 with Greenland in the manner just indicated, but, 

 as I shall explain later on, Russian Lapland and 

 part of Northern Russia, or the land between the 

 White Sea and the Baltic, must at that time have 

 been submerged by the sea. The greater part of 

 Denmark and the lowlands of Sweden were likewise 

 submerged, but Scandinavia extended south as far as 

 Scotland, while Scotland was connected with Ireland, 

 and the latter with England and France. The Rein- 

 deer migrating south into Scandinavia could only 

 reach the continent of Europe by way of the British 

 Islands. It appeared there in the west and gradually 

 extended its range east, where, as I mentioned above, 

 it has occurred in a few isolated localities. 



The advent of the Woodland form of the Reindeer 

 in Europe took place at a much later stage. It came, 



