THE ARCTIC FAUNA. l6l 



Adopting the glacial views of some of our leading 

 geologists, Petersen comes to the logical conclusion 

 that Central Europe could not have possessed 

 any butterflies during the height of the Glacial 

 period, but since all evidences seem to point to the 

 chief migration from Siberia having taken place after 

 the Glacial period, he concludes that they must have 

 survived the severe cold of that time in Central Asia. 

 He leaves us, however, to imagine .under what possible 

 geographical conditions the climate in Europe could 

 be too severe for a lepidopterous fauna, while at the 

 same time Central Asia could maintain an abundant 

 one. 



In a suggestive note on the origin of European 

 and North American Ants, Professor Emery states 

 (p. 399) that a great number of North American 

 ants are specifically identical with European ones; 

 whilst Dr. Hamilton tells us (p. 89), as an instance, 

 that specimens of the beetle Loricera ccemJescens 

 from Lake Superior and from Scotland do not seem 

 to vary to the extent of a hair on the antennae. 

 He enumerates 487 species of Coleoptera as being 

 common to North America, Northern Asia, and 

 Europe, many of which no doubt have migrated by 

 the Americo-European land-connection. 



Arctic Scandinavia or Lapland, according to Sir 

 Joseph Hooker, contains three-fourths of the entire 

 number of species of plants known from the whole 

 circumpolar area. His view, that the Greenland 

 flora is almost exclusively Lapponian, having only 



II 



