212 HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN FAUNA. 



1. Pupa muscorum. 9. Helix pulchella. 



2. Chondrula tridens. 10. Do. hortensis. 



3. Cionella lubrica. u. Do. obvoluta. 



4. Patula ruderata. 12. Hyalinia radiatula. 



5. Do. rotundata. 13. Succinea oblonga. 



6. Helix striata. 14. Limnaea peregra. 



7. Do. hispidia. 15. Clausilia sp. 



8. Do. tenuilabris. 16. Pisidium pusillum. 



Only two of these can be looked upon as typically 

 northern species, viz., Patula ruderata and Helix 

 tenuilabris^ though both of them are still found 

 living locally in Germany. Some of the others 

 are decidedly southern species, like Chondrula tridens, 

 Helix obvoluta, H. rottmdata, and H. striata. All the 

 rest live and flourish, for example, in Ireland at the 

 present day, where, as we all know, anything but a 

 dry steppe-climate prevails. 



Dr. Kobelt quite agrees with me in thinking that 

 the remains of the mollusca found along with the 

 so-called "steppe-mammals" afford no proof of a 

 steppe-character of the country at the time when 

 they were alive (p. 166). Nor do the mollusca which 

 have been found in England in the Forest-Bed and 

 the succeeding pleistocene strata support such a 

 view. The Forest-Bed, generally regarded as belong- 

 ing to the Upper Pliocene, I believe to be an inter- 

 glacial pleistocene deposit contemporaneous with the 

 loess formation in Germany. Of fifty-nine species 

 of land and freshwater mollusca which have been 

 discovered in this bed, forty-eight species, according 



