THE ALPINE FAUNA. 327 



Altogether about a dozen species of this genus of 

 butterfly are known, most of which are confined to 

 the polar regions of the Old World and the New, 

 though some have found their way to the extreme 

 south end of South America, in what manner is still 

 a mystery. Like the preceding genera, this also 

 appears to have emerged from Central Asia. The 

 genus, too, is closely allied to the last, and though its 

 range is not quite so extensive, it resembles it in 

 many respects. The Alpine species of CEneis came 

 to Europe by the Oriental route. But the Lapland 

 species at any rate CE. jutta and (E. bore have 

 taken a somewhat circuitous route to reach our 

 continent. They first migrated from Asia to North 

 America, and then by the old land-connections by 

 way of Greenland to Lapland. It is noteworthy that 

 Professor Engler felt convinced (cf. p. 171; that the 

 occurrence of many of the Arctic plants in North 

 Scandinavia and Siberia could be best explained by 

 the assumption of such a migration from Asia via 

 North America to Europe rather than by the shorter 

 route. 



There are far more Alpine beetles than butterflies, 

 but their geographical distribution is less well known, 

 and it is therefore not at all safe to base important 

 conclusions as to the origin of a fauna on that group 

 alone ; however, as far as my limited knowledge of 

 the Coleoptera of the Alps goes, their general range 

 seems to agree perfectly with other orders of insects. 

 Many can also be traced to an Asiatic home, and 



