INTRODUCTION. 49 



mineralogical and geognostic discipline, as it now came to be 

 enunciated in professorial courses of lectures, and above all 

 by enthusiasm for a science which had largely to be pursued 

 out-of-doors, and therefore offered wide scope for the physical 

 as well as the mental energies of youth. 



Following the guidance of their great leaders, a numerous 

 band of workers, by their unabated zeal in collecting and 

 identifying fossils and rock-specimens, no less than by un- 

 remitted observations in the field, established the young 

 science of geology upon a platform of equality with other 

 spheres of scientific knowledge. 1 



Pallas and De Saussure. Pallas and De Saussure are two 

 of the few scientific men of the latter half of the eighteenth 

 century who endeavoured to explain the surface conformation 

 of the earth upon principles of stratigraphy and structure. 

 Peter Simon Pallas, born in Berlin in 1741, came of a highly 



1 The chief seats of mineralogical and geognostic teaching at this time 

 were the mining-schools; that of Freiberg was founded in 1765, Schemnitz, 

 1770, St. Petersburg, 1783, and Paris, 1790. Geology was also associated, 

 at least in Germany, with the literature of mining and mineralogy. Voigt 

 published a magazine on mineralogy and mining interests (Weimar, 1789- 

 91). A number of important papers on geology, mineralogy, and mining 

 are contained in C. E. von Moll's Jahrbiicher der Bergund Hullenkunde 

 (Salzburg, 1797-1801), a series which continued to be published until 1862. 

 K. C. Leonhard's Pocket-book ( Taschenbuch] for Mineralogy was founded 

 in 1807, and soon took the first rank among the German journals, which 

 it has continued to retain to the present day, its title having been changed 

 in 1830 to Jahrbiich fur Mineralogie, Geologic, tind Petrefaktenkunde 

 (Palaeontology). Ballenstedt's Archiv fiir d'e neuesten Entdeckungen 

 in der Urwelt (Quedlinburg and Leipzig, 1809-24, 6 vols.) were 

 chiefly devoted to the occurrence of human remains, diluvial animals, and 

 other fossils, likewise to questions of a theoretical nature. In France, the 

 Journal des Mines (Paris, 1795-1815) corresponds to these German publica- 

 tions. From the year 1816, this magazine received the title Annales des 

 Mines, which it still bears. The Journal de Physique, published by Rczier 

 and De la Metherie, contains a number of theoretical papers by De Luc 

 and De la Metherie, and also important petrographical communications by 

 Dolomieu, Cordier, and others. In England, the Geological Society of 

 London was founded in 1807, and geological and palneontological papers 

 were afterwards published in the Transactions, later in the Proceedings 

 and Quarterly Journal of this Society; previously contributions in these 

 branches of science had been published chiefly in the Transactions of 

 the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh. In the other European 

 States, scientific Societies and Academies were zealous in the publication 

 of special papers on geological and palaeontological subjects. 



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