INTRODUCTION. 1 15 



and Dr. J. T. Berger, of German birth, who had been trained 

 in Werner's school. Berger's description of the. geology of 

 N.E. Ireland, published in 1816, with a preface by Conybeare, 

 has proved fundamental in the geological literature of that 

 country, while the geological maps of Ireland, published by 

 Richard Griffith in 1834 and 1838, afforded a complete general 

 survey of the stratigraphy. 



In Scotland, Robert Jameson (1774-1854), an enthusiastic \ 

 pupil of Werner, tried to establish Neptunian doctrines. He j 

 founded a Wernerian Natural History Society in Edinburgh, 

 wrote a Text-book of Geognosy upon Werner's principles, 

 and was for fifty years Professor of Geology in Edinburgh 

 University. He and his students made many valuable 

 researches in Scottish mineralogy, petrography, and geognosy, 

 but their biassed Wernerian view of the rock-formations 

 prevented them from attaining any real insight into the 

 complex stratigraphical relations of the sedimentary deposits 

 in Scotland. 



Hutton strongly opposed the Neptunian teaching of 

 Jameson, which was contrary to all his experience in Scotland. 

 On one occasion in 1783, when Hutton was on a visit to the 

 Duke of Athole, he happened to observe red granite dykes 

 near Glen Tilt, in the Grampians, penetrating black mica 

 schist and limestone. He was so overjoyed at the sight that 

 his companions could not understand what was the matter, 

 and thought Hutton must have discovered a gold-mine in the 

 rocks ! Afterwards at Cat's Neck, Hutton saw dykes of trap- 

 rock intruded in all possible directions through sandstone. 

 These observations formed the basis of his paper " On 

 Granite," wherein he proves that granite is frequently younger 

 than sedimentary aqueous deposits. John MacCulloch 

 brought subsequent confirmation of Hutton's views by 

 showing that intrusive dykes of basalt, porphyry, granite, and 

 other varieties of igneous rock, abound in the Western Isles of 

 Scotland, and that the stratified deposits have been altered at 

 zones of contact. 



F. Scandinavia and Russia. The first Scandinavian scholar 

 who interested himself in the history of the earth was Urban 

 Hiarne (1641-1 724). His work, published in 1694, draws its con- 

 ceptions of the earth's interior chiefly from Athanasius Kircher. 

 While he recognised fossils as the remains of organisms, he 



