INTRODUCTION. 



and in Gulbrand Valley; and wherever he travelled he gave 

 attention to the climatic conditions, and to the habits and 

 cultivation of the people. Near the town of Drontheim, 

 Buch saw a coarse-grained diallage rock, which he afterwards 

 recognised again in the Alps of Valais, in Tuscany, the Riviera, 

 and other places; he described it under the name of "gabbro." 

 He observed the diallage rock together with slate at the North 

 Cape. His numerous observations on upraised beach deposits 

 round the northern coast-line of Norway led him to conclude 

 that the uprise in Sweden had been greater than in Norway, 

 and had been altogether greater in the north than in the south 

 of the peninsula. 



In Russia, the numerous remains of land mammals, 

 especially the mammoth and rhinoceros, had long attracted 

 attention. One of the chief aims of Johan Georg Gmelin's 

 expedition to Siberia was to look for complete remains of these 

 animals and bring them to St. Petersburg (Reise durch Siberien> 

 1752). Pallas was, however, the scientist who most success- 

 fully carried out this purpose, and his works were the means of 

 opening up to science the geological structure of the vast 

 Russian empire. The collective works of Georgi and Razu- 

 mowsky, as well as the first geological map of Russia by 

 Strangways, are largely based upon the researches of Pallas, 

 and partially upon the independent investigations of these 

 geologists. 



G. America, Asia, Australia, Africa. Although no country 

 outside Europe bore any appreciable part in the construction of 

 the early framework of the science, it was a matter of keen 

 interest to geologists to compare the structures ascertained in 

 Europe with those in other regions of the globe. All observa- 

 tions of the mineral constituents and structural forms in other 

 parts of the world were much valued at home, and in many cases 

 were employed as corroborative evidence in favour of one theory 

 or another. In the beginning of the nineteenth century but 

 little was known in Europe of the geology of foreign parts, yet 

 what was known sufficed to show that the results obtained in 

 Europe were in harmony with geological phenomena elsewhere, 

 and might therefore be regarded as a sure scientific basis for 

 future progress. 



The errors, the false hypotheses, and bitter disputes which 

 had retarded the growth of the science during many centuries 



