148 HISTORY OF GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY. 



Geologic^ und Palceontologie , was professor at Heidelberg 

 for a long period of years ; and associated with him was 

 Heinrich Georg Bronn, the zoologist and palaeontologist, whose 

 Lethcea geognostica is still one of the main pillars of historical 

 geology and palaeontology. 



Munich University was the first in Germany to institute a 

 full or "Ordinary" Professorship for Geology and Palaeontology. 

 Schafhautl, appointed professor in 1843, occupied himself chiefly 

 with the investigation of the Bavarian Alps, which were then 

 unknown geologically. He was joined in this work, in 1851, 

 by Wilhelm Giimbel, who afterwards became director of the 

 Bavarian Survey. During forty years Giimbel worked inde- 

 fatigably m the field and as an administrator, and no single 

 individual has done more for his country's cartography and 

 stratigraphy than he has done for Bavaria. His works on 

 Alpine geology are known to all students of complicated 

 mountain structure, and are thoroughly scientific in tone 

 and treatment. It is clear that the geographical position of 

 Munich, at the base of the Alps, singles it out among German 

 university towns as being particularly advantageous for the study 

 of mountain structure. In 1866, Karl von Zittel succeeded 

 Albert Oppel as Professor of Geology and Palaeontology, and 

 since that time the fossil collections have been vastly ex- 

 tended. A special collection has been arranged for tutorial 

 purposes, and the large state collection is considered a model 

 of methodical display. 



In Tubingen, Friedrich Quenstedt taught for more than half 

 a century (1837-89). One of the most versatile and original 

 of German geologists and a born teacher, Quenstedt not only 

 attracted numerous students, but also aroused an interest for 

 geology and palaeontology amongst the agricultural classes of 

 Franconia, Swabia, and Wiirtemberg. What William Smith and 

 Buckland did in determining the palaeontological horizons of 

 the Jurassic series in England was accomplished by Quenstedt 

 in Lower Bavaria. At the present day the common people, in 

 the districts where his influence extended, are many of them 

 enthusiastic fossil collectors, and arrange their miniature collec- 

 tions with an astonishing accuracy. One of the best-known 

 disciples of Quenstedt was Oscar Fraas, who created in 

 Stuttgart a local fossil collection worthy of the best traditions 

 of his teacher. 



The above-mentioned are only a few of the German univer- 



