DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY. 233 



Glaciation of the German AIps> which has become a classic in 

 the literature. The careful inquiries conducted by Alphonse 

 Favre and Desor, and the more recent works of Heim, Du 

 Pasquier, and Bruckner, meantime advanced the knowledge of 

 topographical and geological phenomena due to the glaciation 

 of the Swiss Alps, while similar studies have been carried on 

 by many eminent geologists in the countries of Northern 

 Europe. In Great Britain, Sir Henry Howorth, Professor 

 Hull, and Professor Bonney still support Lyell's "drift 

 theory " , the majority of British geologists, however, have 

 accepted the ice theory, of which Sir Andrew Ramsay, Sir 

 Archibald Geikie, and Professor James Geikie have been the 

 ablest exponents. 



The exploration of existing masses of inland ice and of the 

 glaciers in the high mountain-systems exerted a stronger fascina- 

 tion for many than the study of the deposits of the past Ice 

 Age. Dr. Simony, a Viennese enthusiast, has taken accurate 

 observations for more than forty years on the Dachstein glacier, 

 and Pfaff has studied the glaciers of the Gross Glockner, in 

 the Austrian Alps ; in Switzerland, a scientific society has been 

 founded for the pursuit of glacier research, and measurements 

 on the Rhone glacier have been taken for many years. 



Amund Helland's observations on the comparatively rapid 

 movement of the glaciers at Jacobshavn surprised European 

 scientists, whose ideas of glaciers had been formed mainly on 

 the basis of Alpine glaciers. Nordenskiold's travels, Fridtjof 

 Nansen's bold crossing of the Greenland ice, Keilhack's and 

 Von Drygalski's careful physical and mathematical geological 

 observations on the glaciers and ice-fields of Iceland and 

 Greenland, confirmed with irrefutable data the action of inland 

 ice-masses and the correctness of Torell's explanation of the 

 "diluvial" phenomena in Northern Europe. The boldness, 

 the enthusiasm, and the achievements of these explorers 

 have worked inspiringly on the public mind, and awakened 

 an interest in the scientific aspects of Arctic territories 

 which finds an outlet in the warm support given to the 

 geographical societies in all countries and to the schemes for 

 further exploration that are from time to time initiated. 



As has been said, Charpentier recognised the work of 

 denudation affected by glaciers, but much broader views of the 

 erosive power of ice were formulated by Gabriel de Mortillet in 

 several papers published between the years 1858 and 1862. 



