DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY. 273 



ture. More special geological papers on the volcanoes of 

 Japan have been published by Naumann in Germany, by 

 Milne in England, and by Wada and other Japanese authors 

 in the scientific literature of Japan. 



Junghuhn's well-illustrated account of the Javanese volcanoes 

 holds a distinguished place in the literature, and the pioneer 

 work of investigation begun by German explorers was ably 

 continued by the later communications of Emil Stohr on the 

 Idjen-Raun and the Tenggor volcanoes in East Java, and by 

 R. D. M. Verbeek, on the volcanic outbursts which culminated 

 in the fearful catastrophe of the Krakatoa eruption in 1884. 



India, although unvisited by recent volcanic action, was the 

 scene of colossal outpourings of volcanic matter during the 

 Cretaceous epoch. The Geological Survey of India has already 

 made known the leading characteristics of the Deccan basalts 

 and tuffs which extend throughout a vast territory in the 

 heart of India. 



A classical district for volcanic research is the island of 

 Hawaii with the two giant-cones Mauna-Loa and Mauna Kea. 

 These were described in 1840 by Professor Dana, and in 

 1884 a detailed monograph on the Hawaiian volcanoes was 

 published by Clarence Edward Button. Charles Darwin's 

 "Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands visited 

 during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle" (1844) laid the founda- 

 tion for a new field of volcanic research; and the geological 

 results of the Challenger Expedition have contributed materially 

 to the scientific knowledge of submarine eruptions. 



The African continental volcanoes, notably the Kamerun in 

 the west, the Kilimandjaro and Kenia in the east, and the 

 Ruwenzori in the interior, are remarkable for their great size. 

 They have been frequently ascended during the last decade, 

 and the rocks have been partially investigated, but so far their 

 investigation has not contributed much that is new in volcanic 

 research. The extensive outpourings of volcanic material in 

 Eastern Equatorial Africa are stated to have begun after the 

 close of the Jurassic period. 



North America possesses active volcanoes only in the 

 extreme north-west, in Alaska and Washington territory. 

 These have been described by the geologists of the United 

 States; detailed information having already been given of all 

 the important areas, Mount Elias in Alaska, Mount Rainier 

 (Tacoma) and Mount Hood in the Cascade mountains, and 



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