288 HISTORY OF GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY. 



in an important work on Ancient Sea-Margins. The Chris- 

 tiania Professor, Theodore Kjerulf, in 1871-73 also questioned 

 some of Bravais's observations, although he in no way dis- 

 sented from the opinion that the land had been elevated. 

 Professor Sexe in Christiania sought an explanation of the 

 phenomena in glacial action, but H. Mohn and K. Pettersen 

 in several papers published between 1870 and 1880 refuted 

 this suggestion, and added many new data in confirmation of 

 land elevation. Dr. Pettersen showed that the Norwegian raised 

 beaches and terraces occurred at higher and higher levels the 

 farther inland they were found, and that the highest platforms 

 were situated at the upper end of the deep fjords. 



The Swedish geologist, De Geer, confirmed this observation 

 both in Norway and Sweden, and drew up a chart of curves con- 

 necting all the raised beaches of the same height. These curves 

 he termed " iso-anabases," and found that they formed a series 

 of ellipses whose major axis almost coincided with the water- 

 shed between Sweden and Norway. De Geer concluded that 

 Scandinavia had been slowly upheaved since the Ice Age, the 

 extent of the upheaval exceeding 600 feet in the central areas of 

 the country. But he thought certain facts indicated that there 

 had been a slight movement of subsidence between a period of 

 maximum upheaval and the present epoch of elevation. While 

 it was in Scandinavia that crust movements now in progress 

 first attracted the attention of scientific men, keen interest was 

 aroused in Scotland by analogous examples of upraised mussel- 

 beds and beaches (the " parallel roads "). As early as 1806, 

 Jameson had observed deposits containing the shells of recent 

 molluscs at some height on the shores of the Firth of Forth 

 and the Firth of Clyde, but published no account of them 

 until 1835. Afterwards several geologists examined them, 

 amongst others Prestwich and Robert Chambers. The 

 traces of ancient sea-margins far inland were first recog- 

 nised by MacCulloch, and have since been described by 

 Charles Darwin, Agassiz the elder, Murchison, Buckland, 

 Lyell, and more recently by J. Geikie. Almost without 

 exception all observers agree in regarding them as proof of 

 recent elevation of the land. 



Similar evidences of elevation occur in Ireland, England, 

 Finland, on the coast of the White Sea, on the islands of 

 Spitzbergen and Novaia Zemblia, on the coasts of Siberia, 

 Greenland, on the eastern and western coasts of North 



