PALEONTOLOGY. 39! 



fossil corals has been contributed by Maria M. Ogilvie (1896). 

 Upon the basis of her comparative microscopic researches, the 

 authoress suggested certain classificatory reforms which appear 

 to weaken very materially the strong distinctions previously 

 drawn between the Tetracorallia and Hexacorallia, as well as 

 between the Hexacorallian sub-divisions of Aporosa and Per- 

 forata. The special examination of a large number of inter- 

 mediate forms among Jurassic corals also enabled her to bring 

 forward many evidences of the phylogenetic relationship of 

 Tetracorallian and Hexacorallian types. 



After Moseley (1877) had published his treatise on Millepora, 

 and in the same year J. Carter had pointed out the close 

 relationship of Hydraciinia, Parkeria, and Stromatopora, a 

 number of organisms which had been consigned variously to 

 the Bryozoa, and sometimes to the group of Foraminifera, were 

 recognised as Hydrozoa. Steinmann (1878) and Canavari 

 (1893) described new fossil genera from Jurassic and Cretaceous 

 deposits, Bargatzki (1881) described the Stromatoporoids in 

 the Devonian series in the Rhineland, and Nicholson (1886-92) 

 published a monograph of all known Stromatoporoids. The 

 GrapioliteS) an extinct group of Hydrozoa confined to the 

 oldest fossiliferous deposits (Silurian and Cambrian), have 

 been the subject of very careful palseontological investigations. 

 They were taken for Cephalopods by Wahlenberg and Schlo- 

 theim, and for Foraminifera by Quenstedt, while others placed 

 them amongst Alcyonarians. Portlock (1843) was the first to 

 recognise their resemblance to the Sertularians. Barrande 

 published (1850) the earliest detailed account of the Bohemian 

 Graptolites, but still compared them with the Pennatulids. 

 The works of Suess, Scharenberg, Geinitz, and Richter 

 extended the knowledge of Graptolites only in a moderate 

 degree; on the other hand, an excellent monograph of the 

 Graptolites occurring in the " Quebec Series " of rocks was 

 contributed by J. Hall in 1865, adding a number of new, 

 well-preserved species to the group, and affording much im- 

 portant information regarding the organisation and zoological 

 position of Graptolites. 



In the year 1872 Nicholson gave an admirable survey of 

 all the facts known about Graptolites, and in 1873 the first 

 communications appeared by Lapworth. The researches of 

 this acute observer were continued until 1882, and revealed 

 many new and important data respecting the structure, the 



