394 HISTORY OF GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. 



dermata were described by D'Orbigny (1840) and Beyrich 

 ( l &57)- Quenstedt's Paleontology of Germany (vol. vi., 

 1874-76) contains an abundance of new detailed observations 

 but retains the older classification; Angelin's posthumous 

 work on the Swedish Crinoids, edited by Lindstrom (1878), 

 likewise pays little attention to the results of zoological re- 

 searches, although it displays a rich diversity of previously 

 unknown forms in its beautiful illustrations. The works of 

 Herbert Carpenter are therefore of very high value as investiga- 

 tions based upon an equal familiarity with fossil and recent 

 forms, and indicating the high-water mark of palaeontological 

 and zoological researches at the time. Strictly scientific lines 

 of research have also been adopted in all the more recent 

 works. Two American scientists, Wachsmuth and Springer, 

 have added very considerably to the knowledge of Echino- 

 dermata, Wachsmuth's works extending through a period of 

 twenty years, 1877-97; P. de Loriol has made a successful 

 study of Mesozoic forms ; in England, F. A. Bather has con- 

 tributed several memoirs on English and Swedish Crinoids 

 (1890-93); in Germany, O. Jaekel has accomplished valuable 

 new work on Palaeozoic Crinoids. 



The knowledge of the extinct order of the Cystoidea, erected 

 by Buch, was advanced by the researches of Schmidt (1874) 

 on representatives of the group from Russia, by those of 

 Edward Forbes 1 (1848) on British forms, and by the works 

 of Hall and Billings on North American Cystoids. In 1887 

 Waagen edited a posthumous monograph on the Bohemian 

 Cystoids by Barrande. The systematic arrangement and 

 zoological position of the Cystoids have been discussed in 

 recent years by Haeckel and Jaekel, but the results of their 

 researches are much at variance. 



The small group of the Blastoids, discovered by Say in 1830, 

 first underwent scientific examination at the hands of Ferdinand 

 Roemer (1852). Subsequent work has extended our know- 



1 Edward Forbes, born 1815 in the Isle of Man, studied medicine and 

 the natural sciences in London, Edinburgh, and Paris, travelled in Algeria, 

 the Alps, and Asia Minor, and conducted in the yEgean Sea his famous 

 investigations on the distribution of marine organisms at the different 

 depths. In 1843 he accepted the Professorship of Botany at King's College 

 in London, and when the Geological Survey was established he was selected 

 as Palaeontologist and Professor of Natural History; shortly before his 

 death, in 1854, he exchanged posts with the Professor of Natural History 

 in Edinburgh. 



