PALEONTOLOGY. 399 



Terebratulina was, however, first made known by Griindler in 

 1774. Cuvier in 1805, and Dumeril in 1809, proposed the 

 name " Brachiopoda " for the class. Lamarck distinguished 

 (1818) only three Brachiopod genera (Orbicula, Terebratula, 

 and Lingula), and erroneously transferred Discina, Calceola, 

 and Crania to the Lamellibranch family of the Hippurites or 

 Rudistes. Blainville, in the Manuel de Malacologie (1824), 

 substituted for the Cuvierian name that of Palliobranchiata, 

 and united under this name not only the then known 

 Brachiopods, but also the Rudistes and some fossil Lamelli- 

 branchs, e.g. Plagiostoma and Podopsis. 



In 1834 Leopold von Buch published a memoir On Tere- 

 bratulas, which had a powerful influence. He drew attention 

 to many peculiarities of these shells which had previously been 

 little noticed, and he designed a system of classification based 

 mainly upon the characteristics of the hinge region. This 

 memoir was followed during the next decade by a number 

 of contributions, pre-eminently stratigraphical in tendency, by 

 J. Phillips, Verneuil, D'Orbigny, Barrande, and others. The 

 anatomy of the Brachiopods was made the subject of investi- 

 gations by Cuvier, Owen (1835), King, Hancock (1858); the 

 finer structure and the internal architecture of the shells 

 was examined by Carpenter (1844), King (1846), and 

 Gratiolet. 



King in 1846 drew up a new scheme of classification, using 

 as the chief features of distinction the character of the brachial 

 or labial appendages, the muscular impressions on the inner 

 surfaces of the valves, the septum, and other internal structures. 

 In the monograph of the Permian fossils (1849-50) King com- 

 pleted his system and sub-divided the Brachiopods into three 

 orders, sixteen families, and forty-nine genera. Thomas 

 Davidson 1 simplified and improved King's classification, but 

 adhered to most of the fundamental principles enunciated 

 by his predecessors. The first volume (1851) of Davidson's 



1 Thomas Davidson, born 1817 at Moir House in Midlothian, Scotland, 

 passed his youth for the most part on the Continent, and divided his interest 

 between art and science. He worked in Paris in the, atelier of Horace 

 Vernet and Delaroche, and attended the lectures of Elie de Beaumont, 

 Milne-Edwards, and other professors. In Edinburgh he studied natural 

 sciences, and when in Rome on one occasion it was suggested to him by 

 Leopold von Buch to make a special study of fossil Brachiopods, and that 

 became his great life's work. He took up his residence in Brighton, and 

 died there on the I4th October 1885. 



