PALAEONTOLOGY. 40! 



soft parts of living molluscs, as well as the foundation of a 

 natural system of classification, has been reserved for zoology. 

 Palaeontology has in all cases followed the results obtained by 

 the sister science, since the group offers considerable facilities 

 for anatomical studies, and there was much more hope to 

 arrive by such means at a true comprehension of this complex 

 and diversiform group. Lamarck, in his Natural History of 

 Invertebrates (1816-23), created the modern basis of Con- 

 chology, and his proposed system of the Mollusca was supple- 

 mented and partially improved by Paul Deshayes in a new 

 edition of Lamarck's work, and in an independent text-book 

 (1839-59), which was unfortunately left incomplete. The 

 chief works of the latter half of the nineteenth century which 

 supply a general account of living and fossil molluscs are 

 those of S. P. Woodward (1851-54), R. A. Philippi (1853), 

 J. C Chenu (1859), W. Keferstein (1862-66), P. Fischer 

 (1889), and E. Ray Lankester (Encyclopedia Britannica). 



The palaeontological literature on fossil mollusca is exceed- 

 ingly voluminous. Several paloeontological monographs are 

 devoted to the detailed description of molluscan faunas 

 characteristic of definite formations, but still more fre- 

 quently the molluscan forms are treated together with other 

 groups of the animal and plant kingdom in works of a 

 pronounced stratigraphical tendency. Thus it is extremely 

 difficult to extract from the scattered memoirs in Journals 

 and Transactions an accurate historical representation of the 

 advance of palaeontological research. The authors who have 

 contributed most to our knowledge of Palaeozoic Mollusca 

 are Phillips, MacCoy, Salter, Hall, Billings, Whitfield, Seebach, 

 Barrande, Freeh, Waagen, King ; Triassic Mollusca have been 

 made the subject of careful researches by Laube, Bittner, 

 Von Wohrmann ; Jurassic Mollusca have been described by 

 Klipstein, Loriol, Seebach, Zittel, Bohm, and others; Cre- 

 taceous Mollusca by D'Orbigny, Reuss, Pictet, Renevier, 

 Stoliczka, Miiller, White ; Tertiary Mollusca by Philippi, 

 Deshayes, Beyrich, Koenen, Wood, Hoernes, Sacco, Morton, 

 White. 



The systematic questions have been discussed in detail in 

 the works of Deshayes, D'Orbigny, Pictet, and Stoliczka. A 

 special monograph of Terrestrial and Fresh-water Conchy Ha, by 

 Sandberger, affords an interesting survey of the phylogenetic 

 history of these forms in the course of the geological periods. 



