PALEONTOLOGY. 409 



The literature on fossil air-breathing Arthropods is, like 

 that on the Crustacea, in recent years passing more and more 

 into the hands of the zoologists, and it is in consequence 

 vastly increasing in its intrinsic interest and merit. Myriopod 

 remains were first discovered in the amber layers and gypsum 

 series of Aix, and in 1845 were also found by Westwood in 

 the British Carboniferous deposits ; in 1854, C. L. Koch and 

 J. C. Berendt published the first important monograph on the 

 Crustacea, Myriopoda, Arachnida, and Apterida fauna con- 

 tained in these deposits, and this was afterwards followed 

 by the excellent works of W Dawson (1859), H. Woodward 

 (1871), Peach, and Scudder. 



Palaeontologists have contributed a large number of memoirs 

 descriptive of fossil insects. A handsome monograph by 

 E. F. Germar (1844-53) was devoted to the remains of 

 insects occurring in the Carboniferous formation of the Halle 

 neighbourhood. Dana drew attention to the Carboniferous 

 insect fauna of the Illinois district, and the same fauna was 

 afterwards more carefully examined by Scudder. The most 

 important addition to our knowledge of Palaeozoic insects was 

 made by C. Brongniart in his brilliant monograph on the 

 remarkable and often gigantic forms discovered in the Car- 

 boniferous rocks at Commentry. The numerous fossil insects 

 found in the lithographic shales of Solenhofen were described 

 by Count Miinster, Germar, Oppenheim, and Meunier. The 

 British insects of the Mesozoic deposits were examined by 

 Brodie and Westwood, and several authors have published 

 accounts of the fossil insects in the Tertiary deposits of different 

 countries. 



Vertebrata, Undoubtedly palaeontology has achieved its 

 greatest successes in the domain of vertebrate animals. In 

 the very beginning of the nineteenth century, Cuvier had 

 established such an admirable groundwork of research that 

 it was made almost impossible for any one who lacked a 

 thorough scientific training to attempt to continue a work 

 so gloriously begun. Thus the number of authors who have 

 occupied themselves with fossil Vertebrates is at once un- 

 usually small and exceedingly select, with the result that the 

 average quality of the works in this department of palaeon- 

 tology is of a very high order. A general account of fossil 

 Vertebrates will be found in Owen's Paleontology (1860), in 



