424 HISTORY OF GEOLOGY AND 1'AL/EONTOLOGY. 



its discoverer Ameghino, and has already thrown great light 

 on the relations and real affinities of the existing South 

 American fauna. In Australia also, a number of new fossil 

 Mammals have become known, and have been identified as 

 the ancestors of the existing Marsupial Mammals, distinguished 

 from them in many cases by the much greater size of the fossil 

 forms. 



In addition to the above-mentioned writings, which for the 

 most part treat whole faunas or connected local occurrences, 

 there are many special memoirs of individual orders or families 

 of Mammalia or on questions of Comparative Osteology and 

 Odontology. The masterly works of W. Kowalesky (1874) 

 and certain papers by Cope discuss the variations undergone 

 by the extremities and the dental apparatus of the Ungulates. 

 Cope's ideas have been carried farther by Wortman, Schlosser, 

 and especially by Osborn, who has proposed an odontological 

 nomenclature of the individual elements of the bak-teeth 

 applicable to all Mammals. 



The occurrence of human fossil remains and of products of 

 human activity, as well as the origin and evolution of the 

 human race and its affinities to the Primates, have been made 

 the subject of a voluminous literature. But since the task of 

 seeking a solution for these problems now belongs to a special 

 branch of science, Anthropology, Palaeontology confines itself 

 more and more to the study of fossil floras and faunas. 



