456 HISTORV OF GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. 



important monograph of the fossils in the Magnesian limestone 

 was published in 1850 by W. King. 



Whereas in the above-mentioned districts the Permian 

 system appears to be composed of two well-defined members 

 with distinctive lithological characteristics and faunas, 

 Karpinsky made the observation in 1874, in the Ural 

 mountains, that the Upper Carboniferous Fusulina limestones 

 were conformably succeeded by a sandy and marly coal-bearing 

 group of strata containing a rich marine fauna, transitional 

 between the Carboniferous and Permian system. There were 

 fossil types identical with Carboniferous species, others 

 identical with Permian species, and still others that had not 

 been previously found and were apparently peculiar to this 

 group, feirpinsky therefore viewed this "Artinsk Etage" as a 

 transitional group of strata between Carboniferous and Permian 

 deposits. Russian geologists have proved its extension 

 almost from the Arctic Ocean to the Caspian Sea, and 

 frequently distinguish it as Permo-Carboniferous. 



The marine fauna of the "Artinsk" group has also been 

 identified in the Timan district of Petschora land, near Djulfa 

 in Armenia, in Nebraska, and in the Salt Range of the Punjab 

 district in India, where it occurs in the Lower and Middle 

 Productus Limestone, and is succeeded by a young Permian 

 fauna (Upper Productus Limestone). The fauna of the 

 Indian Productus Limestones has been made the subject 

 of an admirable work by Waagen, published in the 

 Palceontologica Indica (1879-88). 



In 1882, Fusulina Limestone of Permian Age with a richly 

 diversified fauna was found in the Sofio Valley in Sicily. The 

 fauna has been described by Gemmellaro, and appears to 

 correspond in age with that of the "Artinsk" group. Freeh 

 referred the Fusulina limestones of the Carinthian Alps to 

 Upper Carboniferous age; whereas Schellwien showed that 

 the pale Fusulina limestones of Carniola contain a Permo- 

 Carboniferous fauna. 



In the Alps, the reddish Groden Sandstones and Verrucano 

 Conglomerates were demonstrated by Suess (1868), upon the 

 evidence of fossil plant-remains, to be the equivalent of the 

 Lower Dyas or Red Underlyer series. In the Venetian Alps 

 and near Neumarkt, the Groden Sandstones are succeeded by 

 a series of interbedded dolomite, rauchwacke, and gypsiferous 

 shales, which, according to Giimbel, are of the age of the 



