STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY. 481 



which he used. Although in all essential features he adopted 

 the same succession of Alpine Trias which Richthofen had 

 established in his memoir on Vorarlberg and North Tyrol, the 

 names and divisions in GumbePs work differ considerably from 

 those used by all previous authors. All the Alpine deposits are 

 arranged under the three German divisions Bunter, Muschel- 

 kalk, Keuper, and the names given to the sub-groups are in 

 keeping with the fundamental idea of parallelism. Giimbel 

 assigns to Btmter strata the Werfen shales together with 

 the salt and gypsum intercalations at Berchtesgaden, Hallein, 

 and in the Salzkammergut ; to Muschelkalk the Guttenstein 

 limestones and the Virgloria limestone, from which Giimbel 

 enumerates thirteen species identical with extra-Alpine 

 Muschelkalk species ; to Keuper^ Giimbel assigns all the 

 other Triassic strata as follows : 



[8. Dachstein limestone. 

 1 ?' ^ trata w ^ Avicula contorta (Gervillia 

 strata or Kossen beds). 



Middle Keuper or (6. Calcareous flags. 

 Main Dolomite -I 5. Main dolomite. 

 Group. [4. Rauchwacke. 



Lower Keuper or 

 " Lettenkohle 

 Group." 



3. Cardita strata of Pichler (Raibl strata 



of Richthofen). 

 2. Wetterstein limestone and Hallstatt 



limestone. 

 i. Partnach strata. 



.These sub-divisions, erected by Giimbel in 1864 on the basis of 

 his Bavarian studies, have undergone two important modifi- 

 cations in subsequent researches. The "Partnach Strata" 

 of Giimbel were afterwards identified by Wohrmann as 

 typical Raibl sandstones and shales. And the Hallstatt lime- 

 stone, regarded by Giimbel as a local facies of the Wetterstein 

 limestone, has been proved to be distinctly younger than the 

 Wetterstein limestone. 



The views of Austrian geologists regarding the Triassic 

 sub-divisions in their territories were subject to great vari- 

 ations. From the year 1856, Pichler devoted himself with 

 enthusiasm to the study of the Alpine Trias. In his first publica- 

 tion, in 1856, on the north-eastern limestone Alps of Tyrol, 

 he had described above the Bunter sandstone a Lower dark-grey 



