492 HISTORY OF GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY. 



cally distinct, both names should be retained. He also 

 answered all objections that had been made by Giimbel to his 

 application of Darwin's Coral-reef Theory in explanation of 

 the calcareo-dolomitic masses of rock, and re-stated the theory 

 on even firmer and broader grounds. In the same journal, 

 during 1874 and 1875, two articles appeared by H. Loretz, 

 affording a careful review of all the opposing considerations 

 advanced by Gumbel, and confirming them upon the basis of 

 his own observations in the border districts of South Tyrol 

 and Venetia. 



The publication of the combined researches of the Austrian 

 Survey in the latter region (^lofiisovics 1 Die Dolomit-Riffe, etc.) 

 in 1879, brought forward many new data, and presented an 

 apparently complete corroboration of Richthofen's view that 

 the calcareo-dolomitic masses represented coral reefs, con- 

 structed locally in the Upper Triassic seas of South Tyrol. 

 So convincing an impression did this work create that the 

 Reef Theory was accepted and explained in the geological 

 text-books. The matter rested there for nearly twenty years, 

 when it was again brought under detailed examination by Miss 

 M. Ogilvie, whose first paper on the stratigraphy of various 

 areas in South Tyrol appeared in the Journal of the Geological 

 Society of London, and was supplemented by a full critical dis- 

 cussion of the coral-reef theory, adverse to its application to 

 the dolomites (Geolog. Magazine, 1894). 



The Esino limestone of the Lombardy Alps was made a 

 special subject of research by Benecke, and the contributions 

 by this geologist have successfully demonstrated the age and 

 stratigraphical relations of this southern facies of the Alpine 

 limestone (Geogn.-Palaont. Beitrdge, 1876, and Jahrb. fur 

 Mineralogie, 1884-85). Benecke showed that the fauna of the 

 Esino limestone, described by Stoppani, everywhere lay below 

 the fossiliferous Raibl horizons. Mojsisovics in 1880 con- 

 firmed Benecke's results, and stated that the Esino limestone 

 in the Val di Lenna directly succeeds the upper Muschelkalk ; 

 near the Lake of Como it succeeds the Perledo fish-shales, 

 and is surmounted by Raibl strata. According to Mojsisovics, 

 the Cephalopod fauna of the Esino limestone indicates the 

 contemporaneity of the limestone with the more diversified 

 Wengen-Cassian facies in South Tyrol. This short but im- 

 portant memoir by Mojsisovics has been followed by a large 

 number of special contributions in more recent years. 



