526 HISTORY OF GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. 



Senonien. This definition was unsatisfactory, since the French 

 geologists assigned different limits for theTuronien and Senonien. 

 Zittel pointed out, in a monograph on the bivalves of the 

 Gosau strata, that the affinities were very marked with the 

 faunas of Coquand's stages Provencien and Santonien, typically 

 developed in Provence and the Pyrenees. The other sub- 

 divisions of the Cretaceous system also resemble the facies in 

 the south of France, whereas the Carpathian development of 

 the Cretaceous deposits, according to Hohenegger, Neumayr, 

 Tietze, and other Austrian geologists, display many peculiarities, 

 and have had to be sub-divided into a number of local groups 

 and zones. 



The faunal character of the Alpine Upper Cretaceous 

 deposits shows a rapid variation from west to east; the Seewen 

 limestones and marls with Ammonites rhotomagensis, Holaster 

 subglobosnS) and other Upper Cretaceous types in Switzerland, 

 give place to the Foraminiferal limestones with Orbitulina 

 concava^ a characteristic Cenomanian type, in the Vorarlberg 

 and Bavarian Alps; further east, the Upper Cretaceous deposits 

 are represented by the Gosau strata, often distinguished as 

 the Hippuritid or Rudistes facies, whose affinities with the 

 Pyrenees and the Uchaux area in the western Alps is there- 

 fore a matter of special stratigraphical interest, 



The occurrence of the Gosau deposits in separate crust- 

 basins adjoining the leading east and west faults between the 

 northern and central regions of the eastern Alps, has provided 

 Alpine stratigraphers with some useful data regarding the 

 regional crust-movements which are thought to have begun in 

 the eastern Alps in Upper Cretaceous time, and to have con- 

 tinued intermittently during Tertiary epochs, culminating in 

 the upheaval of the present Alpine chain. 



I. Tertiary System. The fundamental researches which were 

 carried out in the beginning of the nineteenth century by 

 Cuvier and Brongniart in the Paris basin, by D'Halloy in 

 Belgium, and by Webster, Buckland, and Lyell in England, 

 afforded the basis of the more detailed examination of the 

 fossil mollusca characteristic of the successive Tertiary horizons. 

 Brocchi, Sowerby, Lamarck, Deshayes, and Bronn demon- 

 strated the security of the palaeontological method of sub- 

 division with the most brilliant success, and upon their results 

 Charles Lyell established his division of the Tertiary deposits 



