530 HISTORY OF GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. 



of the Ypresien and the Paniselien in Belgium ; the Middle 

 Bracklesham and Bagshot strata were the equivalents of the 

 "Coarse limestone" of the Paris basin and the Bruxellien and 

 Laekenien in Belgium. The Upper Bracklesham strata and the 

 Barton Clay corresponded with the middle marine sand 

 near Paris. Hebert in 1873 emended the synchronous table 

 of Prestwich on a few points, but for the sub-division of the 

 English Tertiary deposits the results obtained by Prestwich 

 are the recognised standard at the present day. 



The upper fluvio-marine division was described in detail by 

 Edward Forbes in 1856, and the fossil riches of the Tertiary 

 deposits have formed the subject of some of the greatest 

 classics in palaeontological literature. The earlier contributors 

 to the knowledge of the English Tertiary faunas included Sir 

 Richard Owen, Agassiz, Thomas Davidson, Edward Forbes, 

 Milne-Edwards, Haime, and Duncan (Chap. V.). 



The Miocene and Pliocene deposits of Italy were investigated 

 by Brocchi and Bronn, and afterwards by several Italian authors 

 and by the two Germans Hoffmann and Philippi. The Enumer- 

 ation of the Tertiary Fossils in Sicily by Philippi appeared in 

 1846, and formed a valuable supplement to Deshayes' investi- 

 gations, in so far as it showed that the number of living 

 Mediterranean types represented in the Pliocene deposits of 

 Sicily gradually increases from the lower to the upper horizons 

 of the series, until in the highest horizons very few extinct 

 species are present. Agassiz questioned the results obtained 

 by Philippi, and wrote a monograph in 1845 w ^ tn tne special 

 intent of proving that no living species is completely identical 

 with the forms in Pliocene deposits, and that each individual 

 formation contains a fauna entirely peculiar to itself. This 

 opinion, as has been said above (p. 507), was shared in a 

 modified measure by D'Orbigny, 



A sub-division of the Tertiary deposits into four stages (Siies- 

 wnien, Parisien^ Falunien^ Subapenniii) was proposed in 1852 

 by D'Orbigny, and was rapidly adopted in France. The Sues- 

 sonien and Parisien correspond with Lyell's Eocene formation. 

 The Falunien is again divided into two sub-stages, the older of 

 which (Tongrien) begins in the Paris basin with the Fontaine- 

 bleau sandstone, and includes the fresh-water limestone and 

 millstone quartz, while the younger horizon of Falunien com- 

 prises the Faluns of Touraine, of Aquitanien and Languedoc, 

 the Crag of Suffolk and Antwerp, the Molasse and Nagelflue 



