5 io HISTORY OF THE HUMAN BODY 



region and somewhat modified also at the anterior end, through 

 the development of the brain and the introduction of the sense- 

 organs. 



The skull was formed by four of these typical vertebrae, 

 called nasal, frontal, parietal and occipital. The centra are rep- 

 presented by vomer, presphenoid, basisphenoid, and basi-occipi- 

 tal, the neurapophyses by prefrontals, orbitosphenoids, alisphe- 

 fioids and exoccipitals, and the neural spines, composed mainly 

 of paired pieces, by the nasals, the f rentals, the parietals and the 

 supraoccipital. The postfrontal was the diapophysis of the 

 frontal vertebra, and the mastoid that of the parietal. Pleura- 

 pophyses were represented by the palatine, which belonged to 

 the nasal vertebra, the tympanic, which belonged to the fron- 

 tal, the stylohyals, parts of the parietal vertebra, and the 

 suprascapula and scapula, which were reckoned with the oc- 

 cipital. The hcemopophyses were respectively represented by 

 the maxillaries, the articularia, the ceratohyals and the cora- 

 coids, and the haemal spines by the premaxillaries, the dentaries, 

 the basihyals and the episternum. Other parts, such as the 

 squamosal, the thyreohyal, and the free limb, formed ele- 

 ments called appendages. 



Never was there a more stupendous result of the labor 

 of a single human life than this great work of Owen, and yet 

 of the entire structure reared by his incessant toil all that re- 

 mains is the large amount of accurate description and a great 

 enrichment of osteological nomenclature. It was a house built 

 upon the sand, and Owen's " typical vertebra " may be placed 

 alongside of Goethe's " Urbild " as the noble attempt to picture 

 the great truths which they felt in spirit and saw but dimly. 



The formulation by Charles Darwin in 1859 of the doctrine 

 of animal descent, with the implied conception of actual blood 

 relationship between the different groups, introduced into 



The theory may be further elucidated by the help of the following table 

 and by the accompanying diagrams (Fig. 138, A and B). The small letters 

 added to the names of the separate elements in the table correspond to 

 those used in the diagram, so that the former may be used to explain the 

 latter. 



