Ill 



entirely wanting. The hind-wings have three roundish ferruginous markings, 

 equidistant from the outer margin, and each of these have usually a black 

 central point, there is sometimes the trace of a fourth marking, but this is 

 without the central point. On the underside the forewings are of a redder 

 brown, with the red band marked with four black spots, whilst the hind ones 

 are ashy or coppery brown, with three black spots, each surrounded by a 

 slender red ring. Variations occur in the number and size of the spots as 

 well as of the band. The female appears to differ but slightly from the male, 

 it is, however, almost uniformly of larger size, and of less intense and rich 

 colour, a difference often observable among the Satyridae : the markings on 

 the hind-wings are also more distinct. This is the form described by Mr. 

 Newman, in the second volume of the " Zoologist," under the name of Erebia 

 melampus, Boisduval, and is the one most frequently met with on the moun- 

 tains of Scotland. 



Var. CASSIOPE, Fab. Cas'siope, the mother of Andromeda. 



On the upperside the wings are of a rich dark brown, with a silky gloss, 

 the fore-wings with a red fascia behind, in which are usually four obsoletely 

 sub-ocellated black spots. On the underside, the fore-wings are of a pale 

 metallic brown, with an irregular red band near the hind-margin attenuated 

 in the middle, and having four black spots ; the hind-wings are of a pale 

 coppery brown, with three black spots, obsoletely cinctured with fulvous, 

 placed opposite to the ocelli of the upperside. The cilia are brown above, 

 white beneath ; the body and antennae are dusky, the latter nearly white 

 underneath. This is the form most frequently met with on the mountains 

 of Cumberland. 



Mr. J. F. Stephen's, in his " Illustrations," gives the following varieties : 



Var. 6. The fascia on the anterior wings, above and below, with three 

 ocelli-form spots, the third being obliterated. 



Var. c. The fascia on the anterior wings on both sides with two ocelli- 

 form spots, the third and fourth being obliterated. 



Var. d. The fascia on the anterior wings with the apical ocellse spot only. 



Var. e. The fascia on the anterior wings unspotted ; the posterior wings 

 with three circular red spots, the one at the anal angle with a black dot. 



Var./. Anterior wings with four round red spots, with a black dot in 

 each ; the posterior with three, in lieu of the fascia. 



Var. ff. Anterior wings with four minute red spots, posterior with two. 

 This is the Papilio mnemon of the Entomological Transactions, in which it 

 was described by Mr. Haworth, about 76 years ago. 



Var. L Anterior wings with three very obsolete minute red spots, slightly 

 pupillated ; posterior with two. 



