xii Contents 



CHAPTER X 



PAGE8 



THE PROPAGATION OF ORCHARD TREES .... 173-178 



Apple Seedlings 173 



Dwarf Apples 174 



Northern Spy Roots and Woolly Aphis . . . .174 



How Root Grafts are Made 175 



Budding . .175 



Dwarf Pears 176 



Budding Peach Trees 177 



The Apricot 178 



The Plums 178 



The Cherries 178 



CHAPTER XI 



THE TILLAGE OF ORCHARDS 179-180 



Clean Culture can be Overdone 179 



The Benefits of Tillage 181 



Inter-mountain Practice 182 



Irrigation and Clean Cultivation soon compacts Soil . . 183 

 Importance of Organic Matter . . ... . .183 



CHAPTER XII 



FERTILIZERS AND SHADE-CROPS 184-202 



Soil Fertility not Inexhaustible 184 



Elements of Plant-food 187 



Fertilizer Experiment with Potatoes 189 



Benefits of Green Manures 190 



Cover-crops 190 



Shade-crops . 190 



Decaying Vegetable Matter 191 



Moisture 191 



Puddling 192 



Earthworms 192 



Porous Soils 192 



Freezing Dry 193 



