1914 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 225 



necessary to remove these and take new canes from the main trunk. A good supply 

 of new wood is required each year in grape growing, as fruit is produced only nea,r 

 the base of the previous season's growth. About forty strong buds or even less are 

 sufficient to give a profitable crop of most varieties. 



For the north, quite a different system is necessary, as the vines have to be 

 covered with the soil in the winter to protect them. On this account, the arms have 

 to be trained low, so that they may be covered easily. The best system which has 

 been found where such conditions prevail in Ontario is a modification of the " High 

 Renewal." By the " High Renewal " system, new wood is obtained from near the 

 ground every year and several canes trained in a somewhat fan shape. This system 

 is adopted in some parts of New York State, where vines do not have to be covered. 

 By a modification of this system, two arms are left for two or three years. Three 

 wires are required, the lowest being about eighteen inches from the ground, and the 

 others about two feet apart. The two canes which have been made during the second 

 season's growth, as previously described, are both saved. They should start from the 

 main stem as near the ground as possible, and are tied to the wire in opposite direc- 

 tions. The shoots which are made the third season are tied upright to the wires and 

 spread as evenly as possible. Lateral shoots should be removed. Before winter, all the 

 canes that season should be headed back to within one or two buds of the two main arms, 

 and just before winter sets in, they should be bent down and covered with a few inches 

 of soil. In fact, the vine should be covered eacih winter from the time it is set. Vines 

 should be kept covered in the north as long as possible to prevent injury from spring 

 frosts. At Ottawa, the vines are not uncovered until the end of the first week or be- 

 ginning of the second week in May. 



In the fourth season after planting, the shoots are again trained upright and tied 

 to the wires. Laterals are removed and any other shoots which make the vine so 

 crowded that the fruit will not obtain plenty of light and sunshine. The mistake is 

 often made of leaving too many shoots to grow, thus preventing the perfect ripening 

 of the fruit. Forty strong shoots are quite sufficient to produce a good crop of fruit, 

 although some varieties will stand a few more. 



As arms get older, they become more difficult to lay down, hence it is found ad- 

 visable to remove the arms every two or three years, and replace them with new ones. 

 The arms may be renewed in alternate years, and this is often desirable, as the buds 

 on one arm are sometimes destroyed by winter, or by spring, frosts The only im- 

 portant difference between this system and the horizontal arm is that in this the arms 

 are not permanent. It resembles the " High Renewal " from the fact that new wood 

 is obtained frequently from the main stem near the ground. 



Grapes require considerable potash, hence fertilizers containing a high percentage 

 of this should be used rather than nitrogenous manures. Cover crops will usually 

 supply all the nitrogen that is required. 



Grapes should not be picked until they are quite ripe, as they do not ripen after 

 they leave the vine. It is believed that the consumption of grapes would be mudh 

 greater in the cities and towns if fruit growers would not pick and ship the fruit when 

 it is green. 



VARIETIES RECOMMENDED. 



GENERAL LIST, APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF CONTROL. 

 Black: Moore, Campbell, Worden, Concord, Wilder. 

 Red: Delaware, Lindley, Agawam, Vergennes. 

 White: Diamond, Niagara. 

 FOR NORTHERN SECTIONS: 



Black: Champion, Moore, Campbell, Worden. 

 Red: Moyer, Brighton, Delaware, Lindley. 

 White: Winch ell, Diamond. 



15 P.O. 



