102 ? >; :s"iTc E t s FU L FARMING 



much the better. The length of the cuttings may vary from eight to 

 twenty inches, depending on the climatic and other conditions of the 

 locality in which they are to be planted. Keep dormant until they are 

 planted. Plant in spring after the ground has become warm enough. 



Layers. All varieties of vines may be propagated by layers. Mus- 

 cadines are nearly always propagated in this manner, but with other 

 species layering is only resorted to with varieties which do not root easily 

 from cuttings. In layering, choose canes of last season's growth, pref- 

 erably those that start near the base of the vine. Canes may be layered 

 either in fall or in spring. 



Grafting. Bench nursery and vineyard grafting are resorted to in 



AMERICAN Euvms PRUNED AND TRELLISED 



general vineyard practice. Bench grafting is done on benches or tables, 

 usually indoors during the winter. Cuttings of resistant varieties that 

 root easily or good young plants are usually bench grafted. The grafting 

 of vines growing in the nursery is called nursery grafting. This is usually 

 resorted to with varieties resistant to phylloxera, that do not grow readily 

 from cuttings. They are grafted with vinifera or non-resistant varieties 

 and the resultant vines planted in the vineyard. In vineyard grafting, the 

 vines growing where they are to remain are grafted. 



Some of the important practical advantages of grafting are: (1) 

 Changing worthless vines into valuable ones. (2) Insuring non-resistant 

 varieties by grafting them on resistant stocks. (3) Obtaining quickly 

 plenty of wood for grafting purposes, by grafting new or scarce varieties 

 on strong vines. (4) Producing resistant vineyards, by grafting valuable 

 resistant direct producers on roots of growing vines to make roots of 

 their own. 



Planting, Plowing and Cultivating. -In California, where most of 



