GRAPES AND GRAPE CULTURE 103 



the Vinifera regions of the United States are located, the practice has been 

 to plant the vines seven feet apart each way, no trellis, but simply stakes 

 being used as supports. This enabled the growers to plow and cultivate 

 lengthwise and crosswise. Now the tendency is to plant farther apart, 

 some planting 8x8, others 6 x 10, others 9x9, others 8 x 10 and 8 x 12 

 feet apart. Since the Sultana and Sultanina grapes for seedless raisins and 

 some of the choicer varieties of table grapes are extensively grown for 

 shipping purposes, better results with such being had by growing them 

 on trellis, trellis are coming into general use with them. The vineyards 

 are all plowed twice each year. In the first plowing, the soil is usually 

 thrown away from the vines and in the second plowing it is thrown up 

 to them again. The vineyards being cultivated frequently early in the 

 season, the cultivation being abandoned after the spring rains are over. 



TYPICAL ROTUNDIFOLIA ARBORS 



The American Euvitis varieties grown in the States east of the Rocky 

 Mountains are usually planted in rows 8 feet apart, with the vines 8, 

 10, 'even 12 feet and more apart, in the rows. A plain trellis of posts, 

 24 to 30 feet apart, is used, the end posts being firmly braced, to which 

 sometimes only two, but generally three strands of No. 10 or 12 wire are 

 fastened, the first, second and third wires being 24, 40 and 56 inches, 

 respectively, from the ground. Of late years many use a modification 

 of the Munson trellis. In this, pieces of 2x4 inch joist or their 

 equivalent 20 inches long are firmly spiked to the side or on top, when 

 posts are sawed off at the right height (4j/ to 5 feet above the ground) 

 for the purpose. The two outer wires are stretched on the ends of the 

 cross joist and the lower wire is either stapled against or run through 

 the posts at the desired distance below (about six inches). The vine- 

 yards are plowed twice and cultivated frequently. Too late cultivation, 

 however, is apt to keep the vines growing too late in the season, caus- 

 ing unnecessary growth, which does not ripen. 



In growing Muscadines for commercial purposes the system of train- 



