244 JUDGING BEEF AND DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



expression should indicate intelligence. A well-formed head 

 is indicative of various attributes such as quality, feeding 

 capacity, intelligence, breed type, and general refinement. 



Eyes. The eyes should be large, clear, and bright, this 

 being a good indication of constitution, healthfulness, and 

 breeding capacity. A small, sunken eye indicates low vitality 

 and possibly disease. 



Ears. The ears should be medium in size and covered 

 with fine, mossy hair. A medium-sized ear with fine, silky 

 hair is indicative of quality, the opposite condition showing 

 coarseness and lack of refinement. 



Horns. In horned breeds the horns should be fine in texture 

 and free from a rough, dry, scaly condition. 



Poll. The width of the poll is dependent upon the natural 

 presence or absence of horns. In polled breeds there is a ten- 

 dency for the poll to assume a comparatively narrow, pointed 

 condition. 



Muzzle. The muzzle should be broad and deep, as the 

 size of it is indicative of constitution and capacity. A 

 small, pointed muzzle is characteristic of an animal with 

 low vitality and faulty breeding or feeding qualities. The 

 nostrils should be large and open. The muzzle should 

 broaden toward the extremity, such a condition indicating 

 strong, vigorous breeding and feeding capacity. 



NECK. The neck should be short, broad, deep, and 

 blend evenly and smoothly into the shoulders. Coarseness 

 indicated by the presence of loose folds about the neck, 

 dewlap or brisket is very objectionable. Unnecessary 

 appendages of this character decrease the dressing per- 

 centage. The junction of the neck with the head should 

 be smooth, the throat-latch being free from loose folds 

 of skin. The junction at the neck should show smooth- 

 ness and refinement. The crest should be absent in the 

 female. 



FOREQUARTERS. The forequarters include the shoulders, 

 shoulder vein, brisket, feet, and legs. The shoulders should 

 be broad, smooth, and evenly laid in, there being no tendency 

 to openness or a light-fleshing quality. Undue prominence 

 of the shoulder-blades and the resulting open formation indi- 



