STRUCTURAL FORM AND EXAMINATION 291 



The rump should be long, broad, and level. The tail- 

 head should be smooth and show refinement; otherwise, 

 it is indicative of coarse, undefined form. The pin-bones 

 should be high, wide apart, and spare in their surrounding 

 development. 



The thighs should be long, lean, and incurving. They 

 should be the exact opposite of the development in the beef 

 animal. Heavy, coarse thighs are seriously objectionable, 

 both from the standpoint of quality and nerve development. 



The legs should be straight, strong, and well supported 

 on feet of medium size with strong, upright pasterns. 



The tail should be long, fine, and terminate in a switch 

 with hair of fine quality. Some breeders lay considerable 

 stress on the length of the tail, maintaining that it shows 

 deep development in dairy capacity. 



Mammary System. The mammary system includes the 

 udder proper, the mammary veins, wells, teats, and escutch- 

 eon. These parts have a significant bearing on the capacity 

 of the animal and are described in detail in the following : 



The udder should be large, attached high behind, extend 

 well forward, and be carried closely to the body. A pendu- 

 lous funnel-shaped udder is seriously objectionable. The 

 udder should not exhibit any tendency to beefiness. The 

 skin should be pliable, elastic, and the hair smooth and fine 

 in quality. A fleshy udder covered with heavy, tight skin 

 and long coarse hair is indicative of beef-producing qualifica- 

 tions. The length of the udder is important. It should ex- 

 tend well forward, the floor should be level, and the quarters 

 well balanced. This is all conducive to maximum capacity 

 in milk production. 



The mammary veins should be long, large, tortuous, 

 and have numerous branches. This indicates a strong 

 circulatory development which is one of the essentials in 

 high productive capacity. 



The mammary orifices should be large for the entrance of 

 the mammary veins in the body. Small mammary orifices 

 are indicative usually of small mammary veins and are 

 therefore objectionable. 



The teats should be medium and uniform in size, evenly 



