330 JUDGING SWINE 



objectionable, these occurring usually about the head, jowl, 

 on the back, or over the rump. 



The bone of the animal is one of the chief indications of 

 the quality possessed. A large, coarse, open bone and rough, 

 undefined joints are extremely objectionable. While there 

 should be sufficient bone to sustain the weight of the 

 animal under all conditions, quality should not be sacrificed 

 to obtain it in an extreme degree. A bone of somewhat 

 smaller size with sufficient quality is more desirable than a 

 large, spongy bone devoid of quality. This latter condition 

 usually signifies open or loose conformation, which is a very 

 objectionable feature. Large, overgrown ears, a heavy, 

 flabby jowl, coarse, open shoulders, rough, undefined joints, 

 coarse hair and a large, coarse bone are the chief indications 

 of objectionable quality. Taken as a whole, there should be 

 a general indication of smoothness, compactness and refine- 

 ment both in form and finish. 



Constitution and Vigor. Constitution is especially signifi- 

 cant in the breeding animal. Because of the comparatively 

 short period which the feeding animal is maintained, con- 

 stitution is not of equal significance. The breeding animal is 

 usually maintained for a long period of years, comparatively 

 speaking, and to sustain the burden of reproduction and 

 development it is necessary to have as much constitution as 

 consistent with the size and type of the animal. Con- 

 stitution is indicated by a broad, strong head, large, clear, 

 bright eyes, a large muzzle, large nostrils and a broad, deep 

 chest, the latter indicating capacity for heart and lung 

 development. The general appearance, capacity, move- 

 ments and demeanor should otherwise indicate a strong or 

 weak-constitutioned animal. 



Breeding and Feeding Capacity. Capacity signifies the 

 ability of an animal to economically use sufficient feed to 

 attain normal and economic development as a feeder or to 

 properly nourish the body and that of the fetus and off- 

 spring. A long, broad, deep, capacious body is important 

 in accomplishing this end. Capacity is closely coordinated 

 with constitution, as one cannot be developed to a maximum 

 degree without the other. Capacity indicates roominess of 



