SYLVICULTURE. 



Abies lasiocarpa (Ealsam). At edge of tree growth only a 

 shrub. In Colorado at lower, warmer situations a valuable tree. 

 Occurs in all states of the west. 



Larix Ij-allii (Larch of British Columbia). Occurs here and there 

 in Washington, Idaho and Montana, at very high altitudes. 



Tsuga raertensiana (Hemlock). A storm-battered hemlock, at 

 liigh altitudes in Sierras, Cascades, Montana. A branchy tree up to 

 ICO feet high, inaccessible and hence of no value. 



Fcragraph V. General definitions and explanations. 



A. In Europe, under the term " Wood " is understood Tin aggre- 

 gate of trees of such uniform character that it can be subjected to 

 the same manner of treatment. In the American virgin forests, 

 " woods " are rare. As a matter of fact the term " woods " as well 

 as the term " foi'ests " has no definite meaning in America. A fores- 

 ter should keep in mind, however, that a plantation or a natural 

 regeneration, whatever its age and its condition, must be classed 

 under the heading " forests." 



A " group " of trees consists of even-aged specimens of the same 

 species and is larger than a bunch, clump, or cluster. No recog- i 

 nized definitions of the term "group " and "clump" are at hand, un- 

 fortunately, based on the space or the acreage covered by them as 

 units. Groups, as understood in the following pages, are distinct 

 aggregates of tre'?s covering J^ to 4 acres. 



B. Pure forests, pure woods, pure groups or bunches are such 

 as contain one timber species only, 5 per cent, admixture being 

 permissible. Species able to form pure forests are termed gregari- 

 ous or ruling species, sub-divided into distinctly ruling species, which 

 are usually found in pure stands, and conditionally ruling species, 

 which are occasionally found in pure stands. . ' • 



I. After Drude, the participation of a species as a mess-mate at 

 the forest table is expressed by the following terminology: 



a. Social species, denoting the main character, the striking 

 feature (in numbers and volume) of the forest; tlie rank and file 

 of the forest. 



b. Gregarious species, occurring in clumps and groups, island 

 like; 



c. Copious species, interspersed with others, the degree of fre- 

 quency being interpreted by exponents, f. i., copious^ copious^, copi- 

 ous' ; 



d. Sparse species, occurring isolated and in single specimens; 



e. Solitary species, very isolated and very rare. 



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BQBEST RESOURCES 



