SYLVICULTURE. 



II. It might be preferable to express the ratio of the participa- 

 tion in per cent. 



Social, forming 60% and over of growing stock. 

 Gregarious, forming 40% and over of growing stock. 

 Copious, forming 20% and over of growing stock. 

 Sparse, forming 1% and over of growing stock. 

 Solitary, forming less than 1% of growing stock. 

 Intermediate stages might be indicated by a union of tlie given 

 designations, f. i., " social-gregarious." 



III. The configuration of the ground and the rapidity of its 

 cliange vitally influence the possibilities of a species as a component 

 of the forest. 



IV. Species which are not, or Avhich are locally not, "ruling". 

 species are called " dependent " species. 



A species might be ruling in North Carolina, while it is depend- 

 ent in South Carolina. The distribution of the species is limited 

 by its demands on soil and climate. Far away from the center of 

 distribution a species is likely to be dependent. 



V. The ruling species in the south are: Long Leaf Pine, Bald 

 Cypress, Loblolly Pine, Short Leaf Pine, Sweet Gum, Post Oak, 

 Cottonwoods, Chestnut. 



The ruling species in the west are: Lodgepole Pine, Pinus ponde- 

 rosa, Douglas Fir, White Fir (Abies grandis), Engelmann's Spruce, 

 Western White Pine, Port Orford Cedar, Redwood, Sitka Spruce. 



VI. Obviously the meek species are those that conquer the globe. 

 With the inroads of civilization on the fertility of the soil, and 

 especially on the water capacity of the soil, these meek species 

 obtain additional chances to supersede the exacting species. 



C. Weapons of the species in the struggle for existence are: 



I. Shade-bearing qualities. 



II. Modesty as regards the fertility of soil, the moisture and the 

 heat during the period of vegetation. 



III. Power of resistance to storm, sleet, snow, late and early 

 frosts, droughts, fire, etc. 



IV. Immvmity from forest insects and forest fungi. 



V. Longevity. Oak lives longer than Beech; Sequoia longest of 

 all. 



VI. Reproductive power, especially reproductive power from 

 stumps, frequency and richness of seed years. 



VII. Portability and sensitiveness of seeds; number of enemies 

 of seeds; germinating percentage of seeds. 



VIII. Rapidity of height growth in early youth. 



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