SYLVICULTURE 



III. In the cultured forms, the trend of tlie times favors un- 

 even-aged forms, notably mixed group forms and narrow strip forms, 

 on account of greater safety. 



Heavy " thinnings from above " are in vogue, frequently in 

 connection with underplanting (or underseeding by n. s. r.) 



Regeneration is effected either by planting compartments, strips 

 and groups, with or without a shelterwood overhead, or by the various 

 types of n. s. r. 



Where the deficiency of the growing stock leads to the adoption of 

 slioi't ]-otations, standard forms, two-storied forms, underplanted 

 forms or coppiee-under-standard forms must be resorted to. In the 

 litter case, of course, the liigh forest form is thrown overboard. 



Paragraph LXVII. High Forest by Species. 



A. Oaks: The Oaks rarely appear in pure stands. 



I. Primeval woods. The primeval high forest exhibits the Oak: 



a. As the lower story planted in groups or compartments under- 

 neath an upper story of Long-leaf Pine, Loblolly Pine, Short-leaf 

 Pine: 



b. In small pure groups sprinkled amongst the Bald Cypress 

 and Red Gum of the southern hummocks; 



c. In the selection form grafted upon compartments of high forest 

 of other hardwoods, notably of Chestnut, Hickory, Gum (Ten.) ; or 

 grafted on compartments of Kalmia, Rhododendron, Chinquapin 

 "(X. C). 



d. In pure even-aged groups ( prairie borders ) . 



e. In selection forests mixed with many other hardwoods also 

 in selection form. 



II. Culled high forests: The cull-ed forest of oak is usually axe- 

 culled as well as fire-culled, thus partly losing its character as a 

 high forest. 



The n. s. r. of ^^ hite Oak, Chestnut Oak and Scarlet Oak at 

 Biltmore proceeds selectionwise or in compartments, notably so on 

 Indian fields in the Pink-beds; underneath Chestnut, Maples, and 

 Oaks on Poplar hill; mixed with Hickory on the lower west slope 

 of Averys creek and so on. 



The Oaks endure shade well for a long number of years, trailing 

 on the ground until freed from superstructure. Coccinea three 

 years old is only five inches high, being clipped back continuously by 

 insufficient lignification of its top-shoots. 



Even-aged polewoods of Oak are found all over the Blue Ridge 

 and the Piedmont Plateau. Examination will usually prove them 



145 



