SYLVICULTURE 



IIL Treatment of culled coppice: 



The culled coppice is regenerated by being coppiced anew. In 

 the case of iire-culled coppice, it is wise to delay the second cut as 

 little as possible. 



Coppicing in patches or small groups is not advisable, the young 

 shoots requiring all the light available for rapid lignification. 



An insufficient number of stumps may call for artificial re- 

 inforcing. 



Improvement cuttings convert poor coppice shoots interfering 

 with their neighbors from above into healthy coppice shoots pressing 

 their neighbors helpfully from below. 



B. Cultured forms of coppice: 



No form of cultured forest can be obtained more easily and more 

 cheaply than the form of cultured coppice. 



In the European hardwood forests, the cultured coppice of the 

 past has often served aa the forerunner of the cultured high forest of 

 the present sylvan era. 



I. Characteristic for cultured coppice is an even stand, a dense 

 stand, freedom from undesirable competitors and tpee weeds. 



II. Subdivisions of cultured coppice forms are: 



a. The simple form of cultured coppice, where all shoots have 

 the same age. 



b. The two-storied form of cultured coppice, where the growing 

 stock displays two tiers of leaf canopy, viz. : an upper and a lower tier, 

 the age of the tiers difl'ering by the length of a rotation. 



In addition, a form of "high stumps" is usually distinguished, 

 where trees are cut some six to ten feet above ground and where the 

 shoots forming on that high stump are cut at short intervals. This 

 form, adapted particularly for the production of fascines at levees, 

 is known as: 



c. The pollarding form of cultured coppice. 



In this form, rotations of one to five years are usually adopted, 

 and the "lopping" takes place in the "new wood." 



III. Treatment of cultured coppice forms: 



Regeneration in the cultured forms of coppice is, of course, by 

 coppicing, helped by planting stumps, cuttings, suckers and layering. 

 Regeneration may proceed against the direction of the wind which 

 brings the heavy frosts of spring and fall (blizzard-direction). 

 Cleaning and thinning are often indicated. 



Paragraph LXXI. Critical remarks on coppice forests. 



The coppice forest generally furnishes small-sized timber, notably 

 firewood and farm supplies, but no or little saw timber. Its pro- 

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