SYLVICULTURE 



The logs furnished by the overwood raised selectionwise are 

 necessarily branchy and wide ringed, with the incident bad and good 

 qualities of such logs. The trees usually do not yield more than two 

 saw logs. 



Where the underwood is unsalable or low priced, stress must be 

 laid on a prevalence of the overwood. Where it is valuable as a 

 tanning material or as wagon stock, the underwood is favored. 



The danger from fire — since hardwoods are usually at stake — 

 is not very great. The density of the brushy underwood, however, 

 aggravates the difficulties confronting the fire fighter. 



In Europe, " coppiee-under-standards " is more and more aban- 

 doned and restricted to the inundation districts along the rivers. 

 Here, on strong soil, the undergrowth endures an enormous amount 

 of shade, and the overwood develops fairly long boles in spite of a 

 free position. 



The coppice-under-standards form in Europe requires careful, 

 minute and honest management: careful, because the leaf canopj' 

 of the overwood rapidly increases during the rotation of the under- 

 wood; minute, because individual trees or groups of trees must ue 

 continuously watched; honest, because an unscrupulous forester or a 

 thoughtless o^^^ler may easily and heavily reduce the capital of the 

 forest whil'st claiming to mei'ely withdraw revenue produced by it. 



In America, in the hardwood forests of the Alleghanies and in the 

 pineries of the South, the form is destined to play a most important 

 role. The form exists and will have to be retained for decades of 

 years to come, owing to its tempting financial merits; the ease and 

 cheapness of regeneration; the short period of waiting between re- 

 munerative cuts; the variety of prodvice; the fast rate of growth; 

 the small amount of growing stock required for " sustained " yields 

 and so on. 



In the course of time, curtailing the cut of standards or allowing 

 the coppice to grow into larger sizes, the forester may gradually con- 

 vert the coppice-under-standards forest into a high forest. The 

 average growing stock, per acre, in the high forest contains about 

 twice as many cords of wood as the average growing stock in the cop- 

 pice under-standards forest. 



On the other hand, by removing all standards, the form of sim- 

 ple coppice is readily obtained. 



In the Oak-coppice-under-Pine-standard forest of Biltmore it 

 has been observed that the Pine poles suffer less from bark beetles 

 than they do in the denser polewoods of the high forest of Pine. 



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