SYLVICULTURE 



Paragraph LXXVII. Coppice-under-standards by species. 



By culling and firing, every primeval forest of hardwoods exist- 

 ing in the United States is converted into coppice under standards. 

 Again, many, nay, almost all two-storied high forests in the South 

 having Pine in the overwood and hardwood in the underwood present 

 the form of coppice-under-standards in a modified manner. 



The number of constellations of species for a place in the over- 

 Avood and in the underwood is endless. 



A few remarks on characteristic forms must suffice. 



A. Chestnut-coppice under standards of Yellow Poplar, White, 

 Chestnut and Eed Oak, Hickory, Ash, Locust, — ^the Pisgah Forest 

 form. 



Certain age-classes of the standards — the sapling stage and the 

 pole stage, are invariably absent, owing to the fires of the last de- 

 cades. The number of Chestnut stumps is deficient. The weed species 

 of the forest (Halesia, Soft Maple, Dogwood, Calmia, etc.) readily 

 replenish the coppice-stratum. The standards regenerate their kind 

 readily where the weeds are not too rank. No means are known by 

 which to extirpate the tree and bush weeds preventing n. s. r. of the 

 standards in a sufficiently promising way. Heavy pasturage in early 

 spring practiced before the Chestnut stumps had time to sprout 

 and before the seeds of the standards (excepting Chestnut Oak and 

 White Oak) had time for germination may solve the problem. Such 

 pastiirage, whilst it checks the weeds, presses the seeds of the stand- 

 ards at the same time into the mineral soil. Other remedies are: 

 Deadening; cutting with high stumps left; bark peeling; removing 

 side branches with a brush axe, etc. However, entire extirpation of 

 the ligneous weeds does not seem financially advisable at the pres- 

 ent time. Frequently it might be best to leave the weeds untouched 

 for the time being, postponing the battle imtil the undergrowth of 

 seedlings and coppice shoots requires increased influx of light. Then, 

 too, the cutting of the weeds will force them to be satisfied with a 

 subsistence below the level of the u_nderwood. 



Chestnut standards should not be left, since the shock of a 

 sudden change of surroundings causes them to sicken. The adjoining 

 woods will tend to reinforce the regeneration area by n. s. r. of Chest- 

 nut, where the compartments simultaneously coppiced are small or 

 narrow. Artificial reinforcing seems unnecessary although the plant- 

 ing of Walnuts in suitable places may prove remunerative. 



E. Oak coppice mixed with Hickory coppice under Pine stan- 

 dards. 



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