44: 



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as I learu that thej' have foul-broody 

 bees. I would like to ask the follow- 

 ing questions : 



1. How would it do to cleanse the 

 hives by scalding them, and then get 

 some fresh combs that are known to be 

 free from foul brood taint ; then trans- 

 fer the bees during the first flight in 

 the spring, or before they commence 

 to breed, and move them away from 

 the district where tlie foul brood is ? 

 When in August I found that they 

 were foul broody, I got some phenol 

 and thoroughly sprayed both combs 

 and bees, so that there was not an 

 empty cell ; but the liquid entered 

 without effecting any cure or benefit. 



2. Are the bees and ground impreg- 

 nated with the germs that produces 

 dead brood, where the stands were ? 

 I think that I have seen some such 

 ideas presented in the Bee Journal ; 

 if so, it would be very expedient to 

 move the bees to some other location. 

 I would increase my apiary to 30 colo- 

 nies, if I thought I could get rid of the 

 foul brood. 



Denison,<i Tex., Dec. 21, 1887. 



[1. If the foul brood is fully devel- 

 oped, and of the disastrous kind, we 

 think the only " cure " we would try, 

 would be to burn up hives, bees, fix- 

 tures, etc. We have but little con- 

 fidence in any of the so-called "cures." 



2. Yes ; the trees, boards surround- 

 ing the apiarj', and everything con- 

 tiguous are liable to be harboring the 

 germs of the disease, which are liable 

 to develop at any time. — Ed.] 



ANATOMY. 



Rudiiuentary Olands in Bees, 

 and the Evolution Theory. 



Written for the American Bee Journal 

 BY M. B. CHADDOCK. 



I notice on page 809 of the Bee 

 JouENAi for 1887, that in Prof. A. J. 

 Cook's lecture on the anatomy of the 

 honey-bee, he described the glandular 

 system in particular, and said : " One 

 pair of glands furnishes the saliva ; 

 another the food for the larvK. 

 Drones do not have this gland, and it 

 is only rudimentary in the queen, which 

 shows that she once nursed the larvec 

 as the queen buniblo-bee now does in 

 the spring. The change that has taken 

 place in the honey-bee in this respect, 

 is another proof of the correctness of 

 the evolution theory." 



Now I want to ask a few questions 

 about those rudimentaiy glands. A 

 queen is hatched from a worker egg, 

 and that worker egg, if let alone, would 



hatch out a worker bee. That worker 

 egg is bound to contain all the parts 

 that go to make a perfect worker-bee, 

 does it not ? If it does contain all the 

 parts, then it nuist contain the same 

 thing that will develop into a food- 

 gland in the worker-bee. But when 

 by means of richer food, the worker 

 egg is changed into a queen, the rudi- 

 mentary food gland must remain there. 

 There is no evolution about it ; it is in 

 the egg, and must be in the queen, 

 how can it help itself ? 



Of course drones not being hatched 

 from worker eggs, would not have 

 " the I'udimentary food glands ;" and 

 as to its being deficient in old worker 

 bees, any gland that is not used be- 

 comes deficient. 



Do rudimentary glands prove that 

 animals possessing them ever used 

 them for the same purpose that the 

 glands proper are used for now ? Do 

 the rudimentary mammary glands in 

 the male hog, prove that once upon a 

 time the male hog suckled the litter 

 of pigs ? And do the rudimentary 

 mammary glands in man, prove that 

 our baboon ancestors drew nourish- 

 ment from the male and female parent, 

 just as it happened, without any dis- 

 tinction of sex ? 



Vermont,*o Dls. 



[Will Prof. Cook kindly reply to 

 these queries ? — Ed.] 



CONVENTION DIRECTORY. 



:888. Time and Place of Meeting. 



Jan. 20.— Haldimand, at Cayuga, Ontario. 



B. C. Campbell, Sec, Cayuga, Ont. 



Jan. 24-26.— Eastern New York, at Albany, N.Y. 



John Aspinwall, Sec, Barrytown, N. Y, 



Jan. 25. 26.- N. B. Ohio, Northern Pa. and W. New 

 York, at MeadviUe, Pa. 



C. H. Coon, Sec, New Lyme, O. 



Feb. 4.— Stark County, at Canton, Ohio. 



Mark Thomson, Sec, Canton, O. 



Feb. 15, 16.— E. Iowa & w. Ills., at Davenport, Iowa. 

 H. S. Dibbern, Sec, Milan, Ills. 



Apr. 24.— Dea Moines County, at Burlington. Iowa. 

 John Nau, Sec, Middletown, Iowa. 



I^" In order to hare this table complete. Secre- 

 taries are requested to forward full particulars of 

 time and place of future meetings.- Bd. 



Piling in the Pollen J. W. 



Winder, Carrollton,o, La., on Jan. 8, 

 1888, writes : 



Bees are piling in pollen now ; one 

 colony to-day averaging 20 bees per 

 minute, all heavily laden. Grasshop- 

 pers and butterflies are sporting in the 

 sunshine, and the little pestiferous 

 mosquito does not yet neglect his 

 dainty bite, Ijy day or night. 



Bees Resting Quietly G. M. 



Whitford, Arlington,©* Nebr., on Jan. 

 8, 1888, says : 



The weather at present is verj' cold, 

 the mercury going 20° below zero last 

 night. Bees have not had a flight 

 since Nov. 24. Those that were put 

 in the cellar are resting quietly. 



Bees are Quiet, etc. — S. J. 



Church & Son, Cedar Rapids,o Iowa, 

 on Jan. 5, 1888, write : 



On April 7, 1887. we took 120 colo- 

 nies out of the cellar in good condi- 

 tion, and lost only 2 colonies by June 

 1 ; but we lost 18 colonies more, some 

 by swarming out, 2 were queenless, 

 some by robbing, and others by 

 dwindling. So we had only 102 colo- 

 nies left by the middle of June. The 

 hives were full of bees and brood, but 

 with little honey, except what we fed 

 them, which was 500 pounds. On July 

 1 linden was in full bloom, and j'ielded 

 well for 4 or 5 days. We had 4 natural 

 swarms, made 4 by dividing colonies, 

 and obtained 200 pounds of extracted 

 honey and 100 pounds of ' comb honey 

 in 1-pound sections ; and left 20 to 30 

 pounds for each colony for winter 

 stores. We put them into the cellar 

 on Dec. 1. Thej' were very quiet with 

 the temperature at 40° to 45°. 



S^veet Clover the Best, ete. — 



Peter Billing, Pawnee City.cxNebr., on 

 Jan, 6, 1888, says : 



The bee-keeping spirit is almost 

 down at zero in this vicinitj", as the 

 bees scarcely stored any surplus at all 

 the past year. I had 30 colonies in 

 the spring, prevented increase, and 

 obtained about 300 pounds of honey, 

 which was mostly basswood and sweet 

 clover. I believe that sweet clover is 

 the best honey plant for this country, 

 as I have never noticed it to fail. 



Ifield from Basswood, etc. — 



Fayette Lee, Cokato,© Minn., on Dec. 

 20, 1887, writes : 



I commenced the season of 1887 

 with 75 colonies of bees, being mostly 

 weak colonies. I increased them to 95 

 colonies, and took 2,700 pounds of ex- 

 tracted honey, and 600 pounds of comb 

 honey in 1-pound sections. I had to 

 feed only 100 pounds in the fall. I 

 never have failed to get a fair crop of 

 honey here. In the fall I took eight 

 empty combs without a bit of pollen in 

 them, put them into an empty hive, 

 and then shook a large swarm in front 

 of the hive. They all went in, and I 

 then fed them 15 pounds of fall honey, 

 after heating it very hot, and then 

 letting it cool. This will prove whether 



