THE ffiMERICffiP* BE® J©^KKMI,. 



149 



Heat and Cold Endurable by 



ll<?es.— David Craig, Macleay, Oreg., asks 

 the following questions : 



1. How long can hatching brood, larvse and 

 eggs, be exposed to a low temperature with- 

 out injuring or killing them ? 3. How long 

 can they be exposed to extreme heat with- 

 out being injured or killed ? State the ex- 

 tremes or temperature that they can endure. 



Mr. N. W. McLain, by request, answers 

 thus : 



1. Eggs and uncapped larvse cannot be ex- 

 posed to a low temperature without injury, 

 riif length of exposure and the degree of 

 temperature will determine the degree of 

 injury. When it is too cold for the adult 

 bees to fly with freedom, exposure of the 

 brood is injurious, and often fatal. 



2. If queen larvae be exposed to extreme 

 heat for two hours, they die. The range of 

 temperature to which queen larv;e may be 

 sul)jectert, and still live, is from 00° to 98' 

 Fahi-. The normal temperature for queen- 

 rearing is from 85° to 93° Fahr., in the hive. 

 Wo! ker larvffi can endure a temperature of 

 112° Fahr. in the hive, and a colony of 

 normal strength do not allow the tempera- 

 ture t>) exceed that degree, even when the 

 mercury is indicating 134° Fahr. outside of 

 the liive. 



XHE I.AXI: ARTHUR XOI>l>. 



Frequent PUgbts for Itees. — B. 



F. Barb, Joetta, Ills., on Feb. 33, 1888, 

 writes : 



Bees are wintering well so far, especially 

 those that have plenty of stores. They 

 have had a good flight every month this 

 winter, and this month they have had more 

 than one. 



1. Why is it, that apart of my bees, when 

 they come out on a warm day for a flight, 

 will pull and fuss over each other as if tliey 

 were fighting ? 1 have .seen them doing so 

 in the summer time, but I thought tliat they 

 were fixing up the young bees. 



2. Do bees act the same in winter as in 

 the summer, when they are qneenless ? 



3. What time in the spring does the queen 

 generally begin to lay eggs, in this locality, 

 on the summer stands ? 



4. It a colony becomes qneenless in the 

 winter, should 1 give them some of the first 

 eggs that are laid in the spring ? 



By request, Mr. N. W. McLain answers 

 as follows : 



1. Evidently the bees were trying to rob 

 each other ; the bottom-boards should be 

 cleansed, and the entrances contracted. 



3. The loss of the queen in winter has 

 commonly a more demoralizing eifect on 

 the colony than in summer. The chance 

 for repairing the loss is the measure of the 

 apprehension and disquietude manifested. 



3. That depends upon the season, the 

 strength of the colony, and the race of 

 bees. Under the conditions you mention, I 

 should say very early in the spring. Cau- 

 casians begin breeding later than Italians, 

 Syrians, etc., but they breed rapidly after 

 beginning. 



4. My practice would be to use the bees 

 from qneenless colonies in strengthening 

 the weaker colonies in the apiary, in the 

 early part of the season. Two strong colo- 

 nies are more efficient for any purpose than 

 three weak ones. 



The death of this prominent apiarist was 

 noted on page 115, and a further biographi- 

 cal account promised. Mr. Todd traveled 

 extensively in England, Germany, France, 

 Switzerland and Italy, and also in Algeria 

 in Africa, and was personally known to 

 many of the prominent apiarists of those 

 countries. He was intimate with Mr. 

 De Layens, the noted French apiarist and 

 author. 



Mr. John Shallcross, of Philadelphia, has 

 furnished the following biographical items 

 of interest for publication, and also a photo- 

 graph from which we have made the en- 

 graving which is presented herewith : 



Arthur Todd, a prominent bee-keeper of 

 Pennsylvania, died at his residence, 3132 N. 

 Front Street, Philadelphia, Pa., on Satur- 

 day, Feb. 11, 1888, of typhoid-pneumonia. 



Scatter the I^eaflets.— Look at the 

 list (with prices) on the second page. 



MB. ARTHDB TODD. 



Mr. Todd was born at Sandymount, near 

 Dablin, Ireland, on Feb. 35, 1843. Prior to 

 1873 he was engaged in the dry-goods busi- 

 ness, as general manager, in London, for 

 the Dublin firm of Pine Bros. & Co., and at 

 one time traveled through this country in 

 their interests. 



About 1870 he became interested in bee- 

 culture, and subsequently made a tour 

 through Europe, visiting the principal api- 

 aries, and forming acquaintance with sev- 

 eral prominent apiarists, with whom he 

 kept up correspondence until the time of 

 his death. 



In 1877 he gave up his business in London, 

 and went to Blidali, Algeria, to establish 

 himself in the business of bee-keeping and 

 the furnishing of apiarian supplies. 



In 1878 he attended the Paris Exposition 

 in the interests of the Algerian bee-keepers, 

 and was awarded the large diploma. After 

 the Exposition he removed to Rambouillet, 

 in France, where he pursued his favorite 

 avocation with considerable success. In 

 the following year he took the "gold 

 medal " at the Ville de Beuvais Exposition, 

 and two "silver medals" at the Amiens 

 Exhibition. 



In 1880 he came to America for a perma- 

 nent residence. He joined the Philadelphia 

 Bee-Keepers' Association, and was its v ice- 



President for the years 1884-8.5. His large 

 experience and his intelligent discussion of 

 all bee-questions, added much to the inter- 

 est of the meetings. He was, at the time of 

 his decease, a member of the New York 

 State Bee-Keepers' Association, and was 

 Vice-President, for Pennsylvania, of the 

 Northeastern New York Bee-Keepers' As- 

 sociation. 



From 1884 to 1887 Mr. Todd made large 

 displays of bees, hives, honey and imple- 

 ments at the Pennsylvania State Agricul- 

 tural Exhibition. His enterprise was re- 

 warded with eleven silver and bronze 

 medals, besides diplomas and cash prizes. 



At the Burlington County Aericultural 

 Fair, at Mount Holly, N. J., in 1886, he was 

 awarded a medal for honey manufactures. 

 During the same year he established a small 

 public apiary at the Philadelphia Zoological 

 Gardens in Fairmount Park. 



Mr. Todd was a Fellow of the Royal 

 Geographical Society, and an Associate of 

 King's College, London. He was a careful 

 student of modern apiculture, and well- 

 informed upon everything pertaining to the 

 history and management of bees. For the 

 last four years he labored hard to open a 

 profitable honey market in Philadelphia, 

 but did not meet with the full success that 

 his zeal and energy deserved. His loss to 

 the Philadelphia Bee-Keepers' Association 

 will be much felt. 



How to Sell Honey. -M. M. Bald- 

 ridge, of St. Charles, Ills., on Feb. 25, 1888, 

 wrote as follows : 



I do not find it necessary to sell extracted 

 honey, when it is a choice article, to con- 

 sumers, for less than 24 cents per pound, 

 and could get a higher figure if I should 

 try. It is but little trouble to convince the 

 average consumer that liquid honey is 

 really worth from 3 to 5 cents per pound 

 more than the same would be, when added 

 to the wax and wood. This fact can be 

 easily comprehended by consumers, and no 

 other will be volunteered by any one who 

 understands the art of selling extracted 

 honey properly. 



Selling honey is a profession, and Bro. B. 

 is a professional. 



^Vliy Advertise in the Ajeericait 

 Bee Journal ? Here are some good 

 reasons : 



1. Because it has a large and influential 

 circulation in every State and Territory, 

 Canada, and other foreign countries. 



3. Because it is well-printed, and an ad- 

 vertisement in it appears neat and attrac- 

 tive, and invites a reading. 



3. Because it reaches just the class of 

 persons desired— professional men, lawyers, 

 doctors,and the best of the rural population. 



4. The rates are low as possible, and the 

 returns from advertisements are satisfac- 

 tory. 



Wew'Catalogues for 1888 are on our 

 desk, from the following persons: 



Martin & Macy, North Manchester, Ind. — 

 34 pages— Poultry and Bees. 



Lewis Roesch, Fredonia, N. Y.— 16 pages 

 —Grapevines, Small Fruit Plants, etc. 



E. C. Jordan, Jordan's Springs, Va.— 24 

 pages— White Sulphur Springs. 



Wm. Hoyt, Ripley, Maine— 33 pages— Bee- 

 Keepers' Asverliser No. 1— Apiarian Sup- 

 plies. 



