HORIZONTAL TRAINING. 41 



have four horizontal branches on each side of the upright stem 

 as in Fig. 24 ; and by persevering in this system four horizontal 

 branches will be produced in each year till the tree reaches the 

 top of the wall (or espalier,) wdien the upright stem must termi- 

 nate in two horizontal branches. In the following autumn the 



Fig. 25. Eorisontal training, fourth year. 



tree will have the appearance of Fig. 25." — Suburban Horticul 

 turist, pp. 363 : 372. 



Training fruit trees is nowdiere in the United States practised 

 to much extent except in the neighbourhood of Boston ; and 

 some of the best specimens of the foregoing methods in that 

 neighbourhood are in the gardens of J. P. Gushing, Esq., Col. 

 Perkins, and S. G. Perkins, Esq. 



CHAPTER V. 



TRANSPLANTING. 



As nearly all fruit trees are raised first in nurseries, and then 

 removed to their final position in the orchard or fruit garden ; as 

 upon the manner of this removal depends not only their slow or 

 rapid grow^th, their feebleness or vigour afterwards, and in many 

 cases even their life, it is evident that it is in the highest degree 

 important to understand and practise well this transplanting. 



The season best adapted for transplanting fruit trees is a mat- 

 ter open to much difference of opinion among horticulturists ; a 

 difierence founded mainly on experience, but without taking 

 into account variation of climate and soils, two very important 

 circumstances in all operations of this kind. 



All physiologists, how^ever, agree that the best season for 

 transplanting deciduous trees is in autumn, directly after the 



