UNITED STATES 175 



barrel well developed. In good individuals the back is broad 

 and the loin is wide, deep and thickly fleshed. The hips are 

 wide and should be well covered with flesh ; the rump is long, 

 wide, and level, carrying an abundance of flesh. The hind- 

 quarter is better developed in the Shorthorn than in any other 

 breed ; it is characteristic in that it is almost straight from the 

 root of the tail to the hocks, and is wide and thick, carrying 

 the flesh well down, thus giving a maximum amount of flesh. 

 The flank is low, the udder is usually well developed, extending 

 well forward, with prominent milk veins. The teats are of 

 medium size. 



" The bull should possess the same desirable features as the 

 female, without her feminine qualities. He should show mas- 

 culinity by developing a heavier horn, a larger and thicker neck, 

 a heavier bone throughout, and greater depth, thickness and 

 scale. His horns are straighter and heavier than the cow's, 

 but they should not show coarseness. 



" The Shorthorn has sometimes been criticised because of 

 poor development or lack of fulness in the crops, a high fore 

 flank and a poorly developed heart girth. They are sometimes 

 rather leggy, although animals of Scotch breeding are usually 

 thick fleshed and low set. There has been a tendency to patchi- 

 ness near the root of the tail and to rolls on the sides, but the 

 breed is improving in this respect in that the animals are be- 

 coming more smooth." 



The American Shorthorn Breeders' Association considers 

 that the ten bulls which have probably done most for the 

 improvement of Shorthorn cattle as a breed in the last fifteen 

 years are as follows : Whitehall Sultan 163573, Choice Goods 

 186802, Cumberland's Last 229822, Avondale 245144, March 

 Knight 188105, Villager 295884, Cumberland 118578, Merry 

 Hampton 132572, Lord Banff 150718 and Whitehall Marshall 

 209776. The most popular families of Shorthorns in the United 

 States at the present time are Augustas, Missies, Victorias, 

 Duchess of Glosters and Orange Blossoms. 



The Polled Durham is a Polled Shorthorn. There are two 

 general divisions of this breed, the " single standard " and the 

 "double standard." The single-standard Polled Durhams 

 were produced by breeding " muley " cows to Shorthorn bulls, 



