UNITED STATES 183 



the same time raise calves or steers which will sell readily for 

 slaughter purposes. They have not been popular with the 

 ranchman or farmer who raises large numbers of cattle. 



The principal dual-purpose breeds in the United States are 

 certain types of the Shorthorn, together with the Red Polls 

 and Devons. 



Shorthorns 



The dual-purpose Shorthorn is more popular than any of 

 the other dual-purpose breeds. They respond readily to good 

 treatment, and have become exceedingly popular with the 

 small farmer. Formerly these cattle were almost entirely of 

 the Bates strain, but at the present time many of them contain 

 considerable Scotch blood. As a breed they are the same as 

 the beef -bred Shorthorns, except that the beefy tendency is 

 not so strongly emphasised. The milking qualities have been 

 developed, and the cows have a conformation approaching 

 the regular dual-purpose form, being longer of limb, higher in 

 flank, larger in barrel, and thinner in hams than the beef 

 Shorthorns. The bulls approach the beef type more than the 

 cows, but are lighter in the hindquarter and a little higher in 

 flank and not so heavily fleshed as the strictly beef type. The 

 udder extends high up in the back and well forward, the milk 

 veins are usually very prominent, and the teats are medium 

 to large in size and are well set. Calves from the cows by a well- 

 fleshed bull usually grow and fatten well and make a good 

 quality of beef. 



Red Polls 



The Red-Polled cattle originated in England, and were in- 

 troduced into the U.S.A. in 1873, but few importations were 

 made until about 1885. Since that time many have been 

 imported. This is strictly a dual-purpose breed, and ap- 

 proaches the ideal of the dual-purpose type. In size they are 

 smaller than the beef breeds, and have not the thick covering 

 of flesh. Mature bulls weigh from 1700 to 2100 lbs. or more, 

 and the cows from 1100 to 1350 lbs. or more. Occasionally 

 very heavy individuals are found, but these are the exception 

 and not the rule. 



